1. Paraphrasing in the Body of Your Text To incorporate material from sources into your essay, you paraphrase the source, or you quote the source.

2. What is paraphrasing? Paraphrasing is ______________ ___________________________ ___________________________ Should you cite your source?

3. Keep in mind… When you paraphrase, you change the language of the source into ________________. Do not change a few words; change the _________________ __________________________!

4. Example Original quote: “Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (Lester 46). Paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46). Work Cited Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

5. When using a paraphrase… You must  ____________ your paraphrase: Tell who said it, what is going on in the story, etc.  ____________ your paraphrase: Change the wording, sentence structure, and tone of the original passage  ____________ your paraphrase: Explain how this information proves your thesis

6. Example Paraphrase with 3 I’s: According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, in research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (46). Therefore, when students write their essays, they should paraphrase as often as possible and only use quotations when necessary. Then their work becomes more authentic. Work Cited Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. __________ ___________ _________

7. Notice Since the author’s name is included in the paraphrase, you do not need the full in-text citation, only the page number. The passage __________________ ____________________; it reads like a complete, correct sentence. The paraphrase is ___________, not patched on and left for the reader to figure out what it means.

8. When should I paraphrase? Paraphrasing is useful in ________________________ (introduction or conclusion) or when the author's ____________ ____________________.

9. Helpful Verbs When Quoting or Paraphrasing Remember, many verbs can be used to introduce quotes and paraphrases. For example: __________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________.

10. Now that I have included my paraphrase into my text, how do I let the reader know the source where I got the ideas or information?

11. A Road Map for the Reader You must properly direct your reader to your Work Cited page with a __________________________! This citation will tell your reader exactly where to go on your ____________ page to find the source of this quote. The Work Cited page, in turn, directs your reader to the _________.

12. __________________ (aka) Parenthetical Citation In MLA style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what's known as _________________________. Immediately following a quotation from a source or a paraphrase of a source's ideas, you place the author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s) Example: Human beings have been described as "symbol- using animals" __________ Use the same form of citation for a paraphrase

13. When a source has no known author, use a ________________________ instead of an author name. Place the title in quotation marks if it's a short work, or italicize or underline it if it is a longer work

14. If you indicate the author of the material you are paraphrasing or quoting, you do not have to reflect his or her name in the parentheses, only the page number. EXAMPLE: According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, in research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim ______ Work Cited Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

15. Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3). Your in-text citation or parenthetical citation will correspond with an entry in your Works Cited page, which, for the Burke citation above, will look something like this: Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.

16. Last Words of Advice Use paraphrases that best support your ______. Use the ______________ of your paraphrase to connect back to and give support to your thesis. Remember a citation is a road map for your reader. You must give your reader (in this case your teacher) sound directions or the reader may get lost.

17. Work Cited The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 26 Aug. 2005. Web. 25 Sept. 2008.

18. Paraphrasing Practice

19. Introduction Currently, the United States faces two crises: an economic recession and global warming. The car industry is at the heart of both problems. To combat these issues, in the summer of 2009, the government instituted a program commonly called Cash for Clunkers, which granted participants up to $4500 for trading in their gas guzzling vehicles for more fuel efficient vehicles. They insisted that this program would jumpstart the car industry and improve the environment. Regardless of the impact on the car industry, Cash for Clunkers does not significantly benefit the environment. _________ _______

20. 3 Body Paragraphs Reason 1 why Cash for Clunkers does not benefit the environment Reason 2 why Cash for Clunkers does not benefit the environment Reason 3 why Cash for Clunkers does not benefit the environment

21. When you paraphrase, remember to: ___________ your paraphrase ___________ your paraphrase: Change the wording, sentence structure, and tone of the original passage ___________ your paraphrase: Explain how this information proves your thesis

22. Works Cited Borenstein, Seth. “‘Cash for clunkers’ effect on pollution? A blip.’” Associated Press. Channel One News, 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Aug. 2009. “Does Cash for Clunkers Help the Environment? It's Debatable.” Politics. FOXNews.com, 5 Aug. 2009. Web. 6 Aug. 2009.

23. Reason 1 “ ‘It takes energy to shred and recycle metals; plastic components often cannot be recycled and end up as landfill cover; and the engine fluids, refrigerants and other chemicals essential to operating products end up as hazardous wastes…’ wrote Gwen Ottinger, a researcher at the Chemical Heritage Foundation's Center for Contemporary History and Policy in Philadelphia” (“Does Cash for Clunkers Help the Environment?”). Paraphrase this quote. Remember to INTRODUCE, INCORPORATE, AND INTERPRET.

24. Reason 2 “Compared to overall carbon dioxide emissions in the United States, the pollution savings from cash for clunkers do not noticeably move the fuel gauge.… ‘As a carbon dioxide policy, this is a terribly wasteful thing to do,’ said Henry Jacoby, a professor of management and co-director of the Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change at MIT. ‘The amount of carbon you are saving per federal expenditure is very, very small’ ” (Borenstein). Paraphrase this quote. Remember to INTRODUCE, INCORPORATE, AND INTERPRET.

25. Reason 3 “Michael Gerrard, director of the Center for Climate Change Law at Columbia University, who examined the clunkers program in an academic journal, said there are far better ways to cut energy use and greenhouse gases. ‘It's not that it's a bad idea; just don't sell it as a cost-effective energy savings method,’ he said. ‘From an economic standpoint it seems to be a roaring success. From an environment and energy perspective, it's not where you would put your first dollar’ ” (Borenstein). Paraphrase this quote. Remember to INTRODUCE, INCORPORATE, AND INTERPRET.

26. To submit Type the thesis and your three mini paragraphs. Submit them as one document on Turnitin.com under “Paraphrase Practice.” Have a paper copy to turn in to class on the due date.

27. Quoting in the Body of Your Text To incorporate material from sources into your essay, you paraphrase the source, or you quote the source.

28. Example: Quote “Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (Lester 46). Work Cited Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

29. Example: Quote with the 3 I’s According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, “students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes” (46). Therefore, when students write their essays, they should paraphrase as often as possible and only use quotations when necessary. Then their work becomes more authentic. Work Cited Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. __________ ___________ _________

30. Notice The passage is enclosed in quotes. Since the author’s name is included in the paraphrase, you do not need an in-text citation, only the page number. The passage _____________________ _____________________; it reads like a complete, correct sentence. The quote is _____________, not patched on and left for the reader to figure out what it means.

31. Combining Quotes and Paraphrases Often, it is effective to paraphrase part of a passage, but necessary to include some of the author’s original wording Example: According to James D. Lester, author of Writing Research Papers, in research papers students often quote excessively because “students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes.” Thus, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (46). Work Cited Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. __________

32. When should I quote? To make a particularly __________________ When a passage or point is particularly _______ __________ To include a particularly ___________________ Whenever your paraphrase just cannot capture the _______________

33. How should I quote?  All quotes must be introduced, discussed, and woven into the text  A good rule of thumb: Don't let your quotes exceed ________ of your text

34. Last Words of Advice Use quotes that best support your _________. Use the _________________ of your quote to connect back to and give support to your thesis. Remember a citation is a road map for your reader. You must give your reader (in this case your teacher) sound directions or the reader may get lost.

35. Work Cited The Purdue OWL Family of Sites. The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. 26 Aug. 2005. Web. 25 Sept. 2008.

36. Quoting Practice

37. Your Mission Read the Washington Post article “Paper or Plastic?” at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/graphic/2007/10/03/GR200710030 1385.html http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/graphic/2007/10/03/GR200710030 1385.html Choose a thesis statement to defend: 1. Consumers should use plastic bags instead of paper bags. 2. Consumers should use paper bags instead of plastic bags.

38. Directions Based on what you read in “Paper or Plastic?” choose 3 different reasons (3 different quotations) from the article. Introduce, incorporate, and interpret those 3 different quotations so they prove your thesis. You should have 3 mini paragraphs (about 2-3 sentences each) when you are finished. Remember to cite your quotations!

39. If the Work Cited info looks like this: “More Than Meets The Eye: Paper or Plastic.” Washington Post. Washington Post Company, 2008. Web. 8 Aug. 2009. What will your in-text citation look like? _________________________

40. To submit Type your thesis and your 3 mini paragraphs. Submit them as one document on Turnitin.com under “Quoting Practice” Have a paper copy to turn in to class on the due date.