1. Chapter 3: Elicited Behaviors and Classical Conditioning Elicited Behaviors Simple Mechanisms of Learning Classical Conditioning

2. 2 Three Types of Behavior Reflexes involuntary responses to stimuli. Fixed Action Pattern stereotyped responses triggered by environmental stimuli. Learning a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. © Renee Purse/Photo Researchers, Inc.

3. Elicited Behaviors Reflexes A relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus Salivation Startle reflex Orienting response Rooting reflex http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en- US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv# http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en- US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=iv# Flexion response

4. Elicited Behaviors Flexion response Example of a Reflex arc

5. Elicited Behaviors Fixed Action Patterns Web building in spiders Ducks flying in a V-shape Cats scratching ground to cover urine/feces Sign stimulus

6. 6 Types of Learning Associative learning involves a connection between two elements or events. Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Nonassociative learning involves change in the magnitude of response to environmental events. Habituation Sensitization

7. 7 Nonassociative learning Habituation The response to steady or repeated (harmless) stimulus decreases over time. Example: You don’t hear your air conditioner after it’s been running awhile. http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=startle%20reflex&hl=en&emb=0&start=10

8. 8 Nonassociative learning Sensitization The experience of one stimulus heightens the response to a subsequent stimulus. Example: People are “jumpy” following natural disasters, like earthquakes.

9. 9 Nonassociative learning Dishabituation http://video.google.com/videosearch?hl=en&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&q=rooting%20reflex&um=1&ie=UTF- 8&sa=N&tab=iv#q=dishabituation&hl=en&emb=0

10. Simple Mechanisms of Learning Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion http://duchenne.ie/image.axd?picture=parachute_jump.jpg

11. Simple Mechanisms of Learning

13. Classical Conditioning Pavlov conditioning apparatus

14. Classical Conditioning Before Stimuli Are Paired Ex. meat powder leads to salivation Neutral stimulus elicits no particular response Ex. ringing bell leads to orienting response only Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Elicits

15. Classical Conditioning During Conditioning Neutral Stimulus paired with US Bell rings, then meat powder is delivered Trial – one pairing Repeated for several trials US (meat) UR (saliva) NS (sound) nothing

16. Classical Conditioning After Conditioning After Several Trials When bell rings, dog salivates The bell is now a Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Salivation is a Conditioned Response (CR) US (meat) UR (saliva) CS (sound) CR (saliva)

17. Classical Conditioning Basic Procedure

18. Classical Conditioning Appetitive Conditioning Aversive Conditioning

19. Classical Conditioning Conditioned emotional response (CER) Suppression ratio= # of presses # of presses + # of pre-conditioning presses SR = 0SR =.33SR =.5

20. Classical Conditioning Excitatory Conditioning Inhibitory Conditioning

21. Classical Conditioning Timing of Stimuli

22. Exception: A potentially effective backward conditioning procedure in which the NS is a biologically relevant stimulus for a conditioned fear response. Classical Conditioning