1. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 1 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Peter C. Dawson, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Richard M. Levy, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Charles Arnold, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center, Yellowknife, NWT Gerald Oetelaar, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Dominic Lacroix. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Peter C. Dawson, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Richard M. Levy, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Charles Arnold, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center, Yellowknife, NWT Gerald Oetelaar, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Dominic Lacroix. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4

2. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 2 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Introduction –Architectural variability often reflects social processes. –The transition from single to double to triple platform houses in Mackenzie Delta may indicate changes in household organization. –However, the study of the meaning behind these architectural transitions hindered by: Variation in how accuracy Inuvialuit architecture has been documented by archaeologists over the past 100 years. The destruction of house ruins by the erosion of archaeological sites on the Beaufort sea coast, and East channel of the Mackenzie River.

3. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 3 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Goal –Laser scanning provides a means of rapidly capturing architectural information at a levels of detail that may allow us to explore the relationship between house form and culture in Inuvialuit society. –Demonstration: Laser scanning can be used for the reconstruction virtual 3D models of Inuit Sod Houses

4. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 4 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Location –Pond Site (NiTs-2). –Several clusters of house depressions Cultural Affiliation –Inuvialuit - regional groups of ancestral Inuvialuit Chronology –Occupied since 1300 AD

5. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 5 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Previous work –Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre conducted excavations at two of the house depressions at the Pond Site in 1989 –In 2002 the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre returned briefly to the Pond site in order to test whether ground penetrating radar was effective in detecting subsurface archaeological features in permafrost environments.

6. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 6 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Previous Work Summer of 2007, a laser scanner was used to record the excavation of two Inuit Sod houses located in the Mackenzie Delta, NWT NiTs-2 is located on the west shore of Richards Island at 69o 20.6’N and 134o 03.3’W Towards the mouth of the East Channel of the Mackenzie River

7. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 7 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Why use a laser scanner to capture data –Challenges Expense Logistics Cost of processing –Opportunities Complete record Baseline for 3D construction in a CAD environment

8. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 8 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning CYRAX2500 HDS6000 Laser Scanner Selection –Pulse – Time of Flight Resolution 6 -10 mm –Point accuracy vs model space Range –50 to 400 m. Field of View –360 horizontal –270 vertical Pts. per second –5000 to 500,000 Cost –$100,000 US +

9. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 9 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Issues: –Laser Scanner Selection Modulating Light –Resolution – 3mm at 20 m –Range –.6 to 20 m –Field of View »360 horizontal »320 vertical –Pts. per second - 120,000pts –Color – 24 bit –Cost – $100,000 US

10. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 10 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Laser Scanner Selection –Phase Resolution -.03 mm (Z) Range -.6 to 2.5 m Field of View: Lens dependent –Telephoto Lens: 111 x 84 x 40mm to 460 x 350 x 130 mm –Mid Lens:196 x 153 x 70 mm to 830 x 622 x 220 mm –Wide Lens:355 x 266 x 92 mm to 1200 x 903 x 400 mm Pts. per second – 300,000 Color - 24 bit 640x480 Cost - $40,000+

11. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 11 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Choice of Scanner –Two Scanners vs. One General Survey vs. High Level of Detail Decision: Minolta Vivid 910 –Point accuracy vs. Model accuracy.03 mm vs. Time of flight +/-.6mm Acquisition time- 300,000 pts/sec Weight 25 lbs Price – used unit within budget

12. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 12 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Issues: –Logistics Transport –Helicopter and quad Weather –Temperature and humidity »10 to 40 C »65% or less –Lighting conditions Electric Power –Generator and UPS –Time Constraints One day per site

13. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 13 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Data Collection: Laser Scanning –Occlusion House 4

14. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 14 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Data Collection: Laser Scanning –Overlap Targets Orphaned Polyfaces House 3

15. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 15 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Data Collection: Laser Scanning –Field of View House 3 Telephoto111 x 84 x 40mm460 x 350 x 130 mm Mid Lens196 x 153 x 70 mm830 x 622 x 220 mm Wide Angle355 x 266 x 92 mm1200 x 903 x 400 mm

16. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 16 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Data Collection: Laser Scanning –Field of View –Setup Time House 3 Telephoto111 x 84 x 40mm460 x 350 x 130 mm Mid Lens196 x 153 x 70 mm830 x 622 x 220 mm Wide Angle355 x 266 x 92 mm1200 x 903 x 400 mm

17. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 17 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Data Collection: Color –From digital imagery vs. scanner Issues –Light levels –Reflectance »Soil moisture –Resolution –Color Depth

18. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 18 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Data Collection: Color –From digital imagery vs. scanner Issues –Light levels –Reflectance »Soil moisture –Resolution –Color Depth Data Collection: Color –From digital imagery vs. scanner Issues –Light levels –Reflectance »Soil moisture –Resolution –Color Depth

19. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 19 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Data Processing –Polyworks 10.1 Point Cloud –90,000,000 points in two days –Mesh files From points to polyfaces

20. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 20 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Laser Scanning I Output formats: CDM Laser Scanning I Output formats: CDM 3d Studio Input Format: OBJ Output Format: MAX 3d Studio Input Format: OBJ Output Format: MAX Media Products: AVI, MOV, QTVR,Tif,JPG Media Products: AVI, MOV, QTVR,Tif,JPG Media/ VR VR: Virtools VR: Virtools Polytrans Input Format: OBJ Output Forma: 3DS Polytrans Input Format: OBJ Output Forma: 3DS

21. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 21 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Laser Scanning I Output formats: CDM Laser Scanning I Output formats: CDM 3d Studio Input Format: OBJ Output Format: MAX 3d Studio Input Format: OBJ Output Format: MAX Media Products: AVI, MOV, QTVR,Tif,JPG Media Products: AVI, MOV, QTVR,Tif,JPG Media/ VR VR: Virtools VR: Virtools Polytrans Input Format: OBJ Output Forma: 3DS Polytrans Input Format: OBJ Output Forma: 3DS

22. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 22 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Recommendations –Two scanners General survey work – Time of flight for general survey work Detail scanning – Triangulation scanner (Minolta Vivid 910) –Registration Targets - Improve the legibility of the 3D targets with less reflective targets

23. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 23 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Recommendations –Control light levels Portable Structure Increase lighting levels with daylight flouresent –Control the distance from scanner to object Rail system for mounting the scanner Maintain constant distance to object –

24. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 24 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning Conclusions –Laser scanning offers a means of rapidly documenting Inuvialuit architecture at high levels of resolution, and in a standardized fashion. –Our research indicates that the use of laser scanning technology is possible in remote environments like the Canadian Arctic. –Documenting Inuvialuit sod houses at high resolutions will enable archaeologists to examine the possible social and ideological significance of variability in circumpolar architecture

25. Dawson, Levy, Arnold, Oetelaar, Lacroix 25 House 4 Peter C. Dawson, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Richard M. Levy, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Charles Arnold, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center, Yellowknife, NWT Gerald Oetelaar, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Dominic Lacroix. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Peter C. Dawson, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Richard M. Levy, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Charles Arnold, Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Center, Yellowknife, NWT Gerald Oetelaar, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Dominic Lacroix. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW. Calgary, AB. T2N 1N4 Documenting Mackenzie Inuit Architecture Using 3D Laser Scanning