1. Ballistics and Zeroing

2. There are three ballistic phases:
Ballistics
Definition:
Everything that happens to the projectile from the
time the primer is struck by the firing pin until the
projectile comes to a complete stop.
There are three ballistic phases:
Internal
External
Terminal
Internal:
Everything that happens to the bullet from the time the primer is struck until it reaches the muzzle of the barrel.
External:
Everything that happens to the bullet from the time it exits the muzzle until it reaches the target.
Terminal:
Everything that happens to the projectile once it comes in contact with the target.

3. Of the three phases, we will discuss one; External ballistics.
Gravity and air resistance have a constant and continuous effect on a bullet passing through the air.
This constant effect causes the flight (trajectory) of the bullet to be a definitive and uniform arc.
A common cylindrical bullet has no loft capabilities, as does an airplane wing.
The sole purpose of the spin that is imparted upon a bullet is to keep the projectile from tumbling end over end.
A bullet fired from a true horizontal barrel begins to slow down and fall towards the earth immediately upon leaving the muzzle of the weapon.
Understanding External Ballistics will allow us to engage targets better at varying distances by knowing where it is in relation to our line of sight or more commonly, our point of aim.
When dealing with external ballistics there are a few misconceptions that must be cleared up and some basic facts that must be identified.

4. The flight of a football. A common children’s top.
Two basic concepts that are common to most of us will help you to visualize how a bullet is sent through the air when leaving a rifle barrel.
The flight of a football.
A common children’s top.
The flight of a football is almost identical to the flight of a bullet. Spin is put on the ball to cause it to fly on a straight axis and not tumble end over end. The line of departure or angle at which you throw the football is in direct proportion to how far you want the ball to travel.
If a common children’s top is spun, it will continue to try and right itself so long as it is still spinning. The harder the top is spun the more stable it is. However, once it runs out of gas, or stops spinning it falls over. This illustrates the principle of gyroscopic stability, which bullet’s use to maintain their stability.

5. -Causes the bullet to fall towards the earth Air Resistance
Bullet Trajectory
A bullet flying through the air is acted upon primarily by two forces, which change the direction and velocity of its motion.
These two forces are:
Gravity
-Causes the bullet to fall towards the earth
Air Resistance
-Causes the bullet to slow down
-Causes the bullet to fly erratically and tumble
Gravity’s force acts constantly on the bullet.
The effect of air resistance is dependent on the bullet’s shape. For this reason, rifle projectiles typically have a very pointed tip.

6. Bullet Trajectory cont.
We try and counter these forces on the bullet in three basic manners.
(1) Increase the angle of departure (elevating the muzzle) to counter the effects of gravity and allow the bullet to reach further distances.
(2) Impart spin and (3) high velocities on the bullet to counter air resistance and allow the bullet to fly in an nose forward manner at far distances.

7. Parts of a Trajectory Line of Sight:
This is what the shooter sees behind the sights and can be illustrated by drawing an imaginary line from your eye through the rear and front sights out to infinity. This is how you aim.
In order to align our weapon with the projectile path,or trajectory, we need to understand a couple of definitions.
Line of Sight

8. Line of Bore
This is an imaginary line that is drawn from the chamber where the bullet lies through the barrel out to infinity. It is also the path a bullet would take if gravity and wind resistance weren’t a factor. It would in effect be a laser.
Line of Bore

9. Trajectory or Path of Bullet
The path of flight that the bullet will take when it is fired from the rifle. The following is an example of what happens when a bullet leaves the bore of a rifle in which the barrel is horizontal to the ground and the line of sight is parallel to the line of bore.
Path of Bullet

10. What has to change to be able to engage this target?
Path of Bullet
300m
300m
Path of Bullet
Increasing the angle of departure will allow the bullet to impact the target at the given distance.
This causes us to lose sight of the target.
To be able to aim at the target, the sights must be adjusted.

11. Parallel Sight and Bore relationship
Lowering the front sight post
To effectively hit our target we must modify the relationships of our three previously defined factors. The front and rear sights and their attitude in relation to the line of bore are the keys to success in this process.
Re-acquire proper SIGHT ALIGNMENT
and you have elevated the line of departure.

12. Parallel Sight and Bore relationship
Raise the rear sight
Remember that the bullet will go where the barrel is pointed. Sight Alignment and adjustable sights allow us to elevate the barrel, yet still have a proper sight picture.
Re-acquire proper SIGHT ALIGNMENT,
and you have elevated the line of departure.

13. The diagram below shows us how the Army is able to zero at 25m and still be center of mass on a 300m target.
Line of Bore
Line of Sight
You will notice that when zeroing at 25M, this causes the bullet to initially cross the line of sight at 25M. Because the barrel is elevated at this time the bullet continues upwards on its ballistic track.
Eventually, as you can see, the bullet falls to the earth and crosses the line of sight again at 300M.
25 meters
150 meters
300 meters
The distance the muzzle is raised may not be noticeable with the naked eye, but even at 25m, the muzzle is slightly elevated.

14. Minute of Angle (MOA) Unit of measure
1 minute of angle= 1 inch per 100 yards
Sights and scopes move in Minutes of Angle
Wind is estimated in Minutes of Angle 4” 2” 1” 3”
1 moa
100
200
300
400

15. Minute of Angle (MOA) worksheet
600m= ?MOA
3 200m= ?inch
400m= ?MOA
4 ?inch
500m= ?MOA
5 300m= ?inch
6”/ (6)00m=1 MOA
3 x (2)00= 6 inches
6”/4= 1.5 MOA
4 x (3)00= 12 inches
20”/ 5= 4 MOA
5 x 3= 15 inches

16. Value of clicks in MOA for iron sights:
WEAPON
TYPE
ELEVATION
KNOB
WINGDAGE
FRONT
SIGHT POST
M16A2 1
1/2
1 1/4
M16A4 M4
3/4
1 1/2

17. 300m Elevation adjustment? Need to come down 12” 12”/3(00)m= 4= 4 MOA
1 click on front sight= 1 ¼ MOA
4 MOA= about 3 clicks on front sight
IMPACT
40”
Windage adjustment?
Need to come left 21”
21”/3(00)m= 7 MOA
1 click of windage= ½ MOA
7 MOA = 14 clicks of windage
19”

18. Zeroing: What is the definition?
The average answer is:
“Adjusting the sights so that the bullets impact where we are aiming.”
FM states: The purpose of battlesight zeroing is to align the sights with the weapon’s barrel given standard issue ammunition.
Both answers are correct.

19. Zeroing continued
The Army has developed methods for engaging targets based on the following two scenarios:
Unknown distance=Battle Sight Zero (BSZ)
Known distance=Bullet Drop Compensating (BDC)

20. Battle Sight Zero
A Battle Sight Zero allows you to aim center mass on a target and achieve a hit from zero to 300m. A correctly zeroed rifle will impact within 10 inches of your point of aim.
10 inches
32m
150m
300m
Line of Sight
Trajectory

21. 400m = 20 inches below point of aim
Battle Sight Zero
350m = 10” below point of aim
400m = 20 inches below point of aim
Trajectory
Line of Sight
300m
350m
400m
10 inches

22. Bullet Drop Compensating
The elevation wheel on the rear sight is known as a Bullet Drop Compensator.
The numbers on the wheel represent distances in meters.
How it works:
Bottom out the rear sight and click up to 8/3 or 6/3. The BDC is now set for 300 meters.
Clicking up to 4,5,6,7 or 8 adjusts the trajectory of the round to engage targets at the corresponding distance (i.e. 4=400m, 5=500m).
One full revolution up from 300 correlates to the number on the left side of 3. For a 6/3 BDC the elevation would be set at 600 meters. This is why it is essential that the elevation wheel is bottomed out and then clicked up to 6/3 or 8/3 before zeroing.
Elevation changes at 25 meters are made with the front sight post so that the Bullet Drop Compensator can be used to engage targets beyond 300 meters.

23. Sight is bottomed out therefore
the right number is used (3),
which indicates 300 meters.
Gap is noticeable, the sight is up one “revolution” from (3) so the left number is used (6), which now indicates 600 meters.

24. ZEROING AT 25 METERS Representation of M16 Bullet Path M16A2/A3
7”-10”
25 m
ZEROING AT 25 METERS
M16A2/A3
Up 1 click
M16A4
Up 2 clicks

25. M16 Rear Sights
M16A2/A3
M16A4
The difference can be seen in the thread pitch between a rear sight on a fixed carrying handle and that of a detachable. This is why you have to come up only one click on the M16A2/A3 and two clicks on the M16A4.
(Reference Army TM Pg #4)
This is the mechanical reason why one click on the A4 equals two clicks on the A2/A3.
Difference in Thread Pitch

26. Representation of M4 Bullet Path
M4 Zeroing:The M4 and M16A4 share the same carrying handle, however the M4’s shorter barrel produces less muzzle velocity. The line of sight and path of the bullet cross at 25m AND at 300m.

27. Pre-range departure/post weapons draw checks
Small rear sight aperture is up and “windage” index lines are centered.
BDC is bottomed out and on
300 meter setting
Front sight post is not bent or
damaged and the base of the sight post is flush with the front sight base.
Q:Do you need to set the rifle to Mechanical Zero every time you go to the range?
A:These presets should be set on a rifle if it is the soldiers first time firing that specific weapon.
If it is the soldiers assigned weapon that has already been zeroed by that individual, this step should be waived.

28. Which is CENTER MASS? Center Mass Including head Center Mass
NOT Including the head
Use a paper e-type and have a student come up and show where they perceive center mass to be.
Then fold the target in half to demonstrate where true center mass is.
True center mass would be aiming higher, at 300 meters the probability of getting the target is reduced because you are always higher than your point of aim with a 300 meter zero.
Q:Which target is most commonly missed on a pop-qual?
A:150M, because the trajectory is at its highest pint.
Q:How much is it above point of aim?
A:7-10 inches.
Q:Where does that place the bullets on the target?
A:In the neck or head, depending on the quality of the zero. It may in fact be more due to shooter error. This is why alternate points of aim are recommended for the highest probability of hits out to 300M, in 23-9 (Find Ref.)

29. Modified zeroing target

30. Emphasize zeroing in the lower half of the 4 cm circle.
This will ensure a higher probability of hits from meters.

31. If possible, 5 shot groups are recommended
Makes triangulation more accurate
3 Shot vs 5 Shot

32. INTRODUCTION TO THE TA01NSN ACOG NSN 1240-01-412-6608

33. CHARACTERISTICS of TA01NSN
4x magnification.
32mm objective lens.
Waterproof to depth of 66 feet.
Eye relief 1.5 inches.
Field of view at 100 yds. = 36.8 feet
Adjustments= 1/3 MOA per click 100 m.) = 3

34. ZEROING the TA01NSN Two methods: 100 meter zero (most accurate)
Use center cross hair
Point of aim/ point of impact
25 meter combat zero
Use 300m reticle

35. Reticle/silhouette relationship @ 100 meters

36. INTRODUCTION TO THE TA31F ACOG SCOPE NSN 1240-01-514-8428

37. CHARACTERISTICS OF TA31F
4x magnification.
32mm objective lens.
Waterproof to depth of 66 feet.
Eye relief 1.5 inches.
Field of view at 100 yds. = 36.8 feet
Adjustment= 1/3 MOA per click(3 clicks = 1 100m)

38. Aiming points for:
100m
200m
300m

39. For rapid engagement of targets less than 300m use this hold

40. ZEROING the TA31F Two methods: 100 meter zero (most accurate)
- Use point of red chevron
- Point of aim/ point of impact
25 meter combat zero
- Use top of 300m post (underneath chevron)

41. ZEROING the TA31F cont. 100 meter POA/POI 3 clicks = 1 MOA
For both elevation and windage

42. ZEROING the TA31F cont. 12 clicks = 1” For both elevation and windage
25 meter- POA/POI
Use top of 300m post
12 clicks = 1”
For both elevation and windage
9 clicks = 1”
For both elevation and windage

43. If red chevron is too bright- cover fiber optic with tape.

44. What are your questions?