1. Semester Review #1 Biochemistry, Cells, and Cell Processes

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3. Biocmolecules 1. List the four macromolecules and explain the function of each. a. Carbohydrate: body’s main source of energy; known as sugars and starches b. Protein: growth, maintenance & repair of body tissues c. Lipid: storage of energy; known as fats and oils; waterproofing d. Nucleic acid: make up genetic information (i.e. DNA and RNA)

4. 2. Identify each macromolecule. a. Carbohydrate (C., H, O) b. Lipid (C, H, O) c. Protein (C, H, O, & N) d. Nucleic Acid (A-T & G-C)

5. 3. List the two “A.K.A’s” of macromolecules. a. macronutrients b. biomolecules 4. Define the following terms. a. monomer: single molecule b. polymer: many molecules c. enzyme: protein that speeds up chemical reactions d. Amino acid: monomers of proteins e. nucleotide: building bock of amino acid

6. Cells 5. There are two types of cells; prokaryotic and Eukaryotic. 6. What type of cell are YOU? Explain. YOU are EUKARYOTIC! We have 1. membrane bound organelles 2. nucleus contains genetic material 3. more complex

7. 7. List the similarities and differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells___________ Smaller & more simpleLarger & more complex Have no nucleus – Have a nucleus that contains genetic genetic material in cytoplasmmaterial No membrane-bound organellesMany membrane bound organelles Only bacterial cellsPlant, animal, fungi, protist cells 8. Which two scientist discovered the cell? Robert Hooke and Anton Van Leewenhoek.

8. 9. List the three parts of the cell theory. a. All living things are made of cells b. Cells are the basic unit of life. c. New cells are produced from existing cells. 10. Write out the organization of the following: a. Living Things Cell----tissue---organ---organ system---organism. b. Non-Living Things Atom---molecules---macromolecule---organelle. Organism

9. 11. Label the following animal cell. Cell Membrane Lysosome Nucleus Nucleolus Nuclear membrane Vacuole mitochondria Centriole Cytoplasm Rough ER Smooth ER Free ribosomes Golgi body

10. 12. Fill in the blanks in the chart below describing the cell organelles. OrganelleFunction a. Nucleus ”brain”; control center of the cell b. Cytoplasm Fluid like substance that surrounds the organelles. c. Ribosome Make proteins. d. Smooth ER Makes lipids e. Golgi Apparatus sorts proteins; ships proteins f. Lysosome Clean up crew; break down macromolecules. g. Vacuole Storage unit of the cell h. Mitochondria makes energy for the cell

11. 13.List four differences between plant cell and animal cell.

12. Cell Processes 14. Describe the term homeostasis. Why is it important? Means to maintain a constant balance. Homeostasis is important because an imbalance could cause disease or death.

13. 15. Explain the importance of the cell membrane. Which two organelles make up the cell membrane? The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. The cell membrane also provides support and structure for the cell. Lipids and proteins make up the cell membrane. 16. Define Diffusion. Does it require energy? Diffusion= movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It does NOT require energy (passive transport) REMEMBER: high to low (with the crowd)

14. 17. Define Osmosis. Does it require energy? Osmosis = movement of WATER from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Does NOT require energy (passive transport) REMEMBER: high to low (with the crowd)

15. 18. List and explain the three types of osmosis. a. Isotonic- concentration on the inside of the cell is equal to the concentration outside of the cell. b. Hypertonic- a solution with a > (greater) concentration of solute outside the cell than inside c. Hypotonic-a solution with a < (lower) concentration of solute outside the cell than inside

16. 19. Draw an arrow to represent the movement of water. List if it is isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic. 50% a. Isotonic = equal amount of water and solute inside and outside of the cell REMEMBER: does not have to be 50% = 50% can be 90% = 90% 25% 75% b. Hypertonic = less WATER inside the cell, more SOLUTE outside the cell 65% 30% c. Hypotonic = more WATER outside of the cell, more solute inside the cell

17. 20. What is active transport? Does it require energy? Active transport= = movement of molecules against the concentration gradient ***Low to High*** REQUIRES energy ATP

18. Semester Review #2 DNA/RNA, DNA Replication, Protein Synthesis, Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis, Mutations

19. DNA/RNA DNA Replication 1. DNA= Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2. What macromolecules makes up DNA? nucleic acid 3. List the 3 parts of a nucleotide. a. Deoxyribose (5-Carbon sugar) b. Phosphate group c. Nitrogen base

20. 4. List the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA. a. Adenine (A) b. Thymine (T) c. Guanine (G) d. Cytosine (C) 5. Chargaff’s Rule = A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C so that there is a 1:1 ratio 6. RNA= Ribonucleic Acid 7. List the four nitrogenous bases found in RNA. a. Adenine (A) b. Uracil (U) c. Guanine (G) d. Cytosine (C)

21. 8. List and explain the 3 types of RNA. a.Messenger RNA (mRNA) = carries DNA out to the ER b.Transfer RNA (tRNA) = transfers amino acid to the ribosome. c.Ribosomal RNA r(RNA) = makes protein 9. During DNA replication, DNA makes a copy of itself.

22. 10. Make a complementary strand of the DNA strand provided. 5’AAT-GCC-TAC-AAT-GGG-CAT-ACG’3 5’TTA-CGG-ATG-TTA-CCC-GTA-TGC’3 11.DNA has the shape of a double helix. Francis Crick and James Watson were the first people to discover this shape of DNA and created a 3D model.

23. 12. What two things make up the “backbone” of DNA? a. Sugar (Deoxyribose) b. Phosphate 13. What type of bond holds the nitrogen base together? Hydrogen bond

24. Protein Synthesis 14. Protein Synthesis means to make proteins. 15. Define transcription. Making an RNA strand from DNA. 16. Define translation. Decoding the RNA strand into amino acids to make a protein.

25. 17. Translate the following DNA strand. DNA strand: 5’AAT-GCC-TAC-AAT-GGG-CAT-ACG’3 Complementary strand: 5’TTA-CGG-ATG-TTA-CCC-GTA-TGC’3 mRNA strand: 5’AAU-GCC-UAC-AAU-GGG-CAU-ACG’3

26. 18. Transcribe the strand into an amino acid using the codon chart. Amino acid strand: Asn-Ala-Tyr-Asn-Gly-His-Thr

27. Cell Cycle/Mitosis/Meiosis 19. What is the cell cycle? A series of phases the cell goes through to grow and divide. 20. Write the function of each of the phases of Interphase. a. G1 phase = cell grows b. S phase = DNA is synthesized c. G2 phase = cell grows and prepares for mitosis.

28. 21. Write the phase of mitosis in order. **Remember: PMAT** a. Prophase b. Methaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase ( cytokinesis ) 22. When a BODY cell goes through mitosis, how many cells are produced? Are they unique or identical? 2 identical daughter cells

29. 23. When a SEX cell goes through meiosis, how many cells are produced? Are they unique or identical? 4 unique daughter cells 24. Body cell= Somatic cell Sex cell= Gamete 25. Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. 26. Diploid cells have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

30. 27. Crossing over is the process where homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids. Where does crossing over take place? Why does it take place? Crossing over occurs in Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1 Crossing over occurs to produce more genetic variation among haploid cells that are produced at the end of meiosis.

31. 28. Identify the following pictures as interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, or telophase. b. Prophase a. Interphase c. Metaphase d. Anaphase e. Telophase & Cytokinesis

32. 29. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. MitosisMeiosis Division body cellDivision sex cells 1 cell division2 cell divisions Results in 2 identical cells Results in 4 unique cells Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

33. 30. When sperm and egg fuse together the fertilized cell is called a zygote. 31. Chromosomes are super coiled, thread like substances that hold DNA and are located in the nucleus of the cell. 32. Humans have 23 pair of chromosomes.

34. Mutations 33. Muations are mistakes in the DNA copying or cell division. 34. Cancer is uncontrolled cell division.

35. 35. Fill in the term for the listed definitions of types of chromosomal mutations. a.Deletion : One base is deleted or lost. b.Duplication: mutating genes are displayed twice on the same chromosome. c.Inversion: part of the chromosome breaks off, reverses, and reattaches to the same chromosome. d.Translocation: part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome.

36. STUDY! STUDY! STUDY!