1. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

2. Internal Organs: -ovaries, gametogenesis & steroidogenesis
-oviducts, Fallopian tubes, transport ova
-uterus, receives morula, fetal development
-vagina, fibromuscular tube
External Genitalia -mons pubis
-labia majora
-clitoris
-vestibule
-external urethral orifice
Mammary glands -----related to reproductive hormonal activity
Placenta relationship with the uterus

3. During each menstrual cycle and pregnancy, the ovaries, oviducts and uterus undergo structural and functional changes related to neural activity and changes in hormone levels. These same changes regulate the development of the female reproductive system.
Menarche: the initiation of the menstrual cycle, 9-14 years
Menstrual cycle: day cycle
Menopause: between 45 and 55 years of age ovaries cease production of ova and hormones

4. OVARY: Functions: -Exocrine: gametogenesis
-Endocrine: (steroidogenesis)
Estrogens: Promote growth and
maturation of sex organs including
the mammary glands
Progestogens: Prepare the internal
sex organs for pregnancy (promoting
secretory changes in the
endometrium). Progestogens also
prepare the mammary glands
for lactation.
peritoneal

5. Ovary structure:
Gross Structure: In nullipara women, the ovaries are pinkish white structures that are 3 cm in length, 1.5 cm in width and 1 cm in thickness
Internal Structure: Medulla and Cortex
Medulla: loose connective
tissue, vascular components
Cortex: germinal epithelium,
primordial germ cells
(extragonadal origin that
migrate from the embryonic
yolk sac), tunic albuginea
(dense CT layer between the
germinal epithelium and the
cortex)(fetal development)

6. Primordial Follicles
Appear during the third month of fetal development
Found in the stroma of the cortex beneath the tunical albuginea
Single layer of squamous follicle cells surround the oocyte
Outer layer of follicle cells bounded by a basal lamina
Primary oocyte in the center of follicle

7. puberty Primary Follicle Oocyte enlarges Surrounding follicle cells
proliferate and become
cuboidal
Zona pellucida appears
(gel-like material secreted
by oocyte and follicle cells)
Formation of stratum
granulosum
Follicle cells are now termed granulosa cells
puberty

8. Blue arrow :
primordial follicle Red arrow: primary follicle

9. Secondary Follicle
Primary Follicle moves deeper into the cortical stroma and increases in size
Stratum granulosum is 6-12 cell layers
thick, fluid filled cavities appear among
granulosa cells
Cavities eventually coalesce and form
the antrum
Granulosa cells associated with the
oocyte are termed the cumulus oophorus
which projects into the antrum
Cells of the cumulus oophorus that
surround the oocyte will remain with
it after ovulation
-- the corona radiata

10. -Stromal cells surrounding follicle form a sheath of CT known as theca folliculi:
Theca interna: Internal, highly vascularized layer
Theca externa: Outer layer of CT, smooth muscle

11. 1= primodial follicles 2= primary oocyte 3=nucleus of oocyte
4= zona pellcida 5= Corona radiata 6= Zona granulosa
7= Follicular space 8= Theca interna 9= theca externa 10= Stroma 11= germinal epithelium

12. The secretion process of estrogen

13. Graafian Follicle
Mature follicle
Extends through the entire cortex and causes a bulge on the outside of the ovary
Oocyte and cumulus cells loosen from the rest of the cells
Ovulation occurs:
Secondary ooctye is released from the Graafian follicle

14. Ovulation
During ovulation, the follicle will fuse with the wall of the ovary and release the ovum from the ovary.
After this, the follicle will develop into the corpus luteum (yellow body) and release hormones that will maintain the uterus.
ovulation

15. Corpus Luteum (Yellow body)
Collapsed follicle undergoes reorganization
Bleeding from the theca interna into follicular lumen
CT from stroma invades follicular cavity
Granulosa lutein cells: formed from granulosa cells
Theca lutein cells: formed from the theca interna cells
As the CL forms, blood and lymphatic vessels from the theca interna grow into the granulosa layer. A rich vascular network is established in the CL and secretes estrogen and progesterone.

17. Corpus luteum of menstruation: maintain about 14 days, if the oocyte is not fertilised
Corpus lutumn of pregnancy: maintain about 6 months , in the case of fertilization
if the oocyte is not fertilised, about 14 days after ovulation, the corpus luteumn
regresses to form
the corpus albican

18. Atretic follicle:
Follicles can degenerate and perish at any stage of their development and maturation
From fetal development to birth, there is already a degeneration of about five out of the six million primordial follicles.
During the follicle’s regression, the cells of the theca internal increase in size and number, all the cells of the theca internal together form an ‘interstitial gland’.
Interstitial gland can secret estrogen.

19. OVIDUCTS: - paired tubes extending from uterus toward ovaries
- called uterine or Fallopian tubes
-infundibulum, fimbriae
-ampulla, longest section
-isthmus, narrow segment next to uterus
-uterine or intramural
segment within
uterine wall

20. The wall is similar to other hollow viscera, however no submucosa is present.
-serosa (mesothelium and CT)
-muscularis (inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer)
-mucosa
The epithelium is simple columnar epithelium with ciliated and nonciliated cells.

21. UTERUS:
-body
-cervix

22. Uterine wall has three layer:
endometrium: the mucosa
Stratum functionalis: sloughed off
Stratum basale: regenerates
functionalis
2. myometrium
-three layers of smooth muscle,
middle layer is called stratum
vasculare
-inner and outer layers are parallel
to long axis
3. perimetrium: the external serous layer

23. Uterus: The endometrium and myometrium undergo cyclic changes during the Menstrual Cycle.
Uterine glands develop from the simple columnar epithelium lining the uterus
Uterine arteries branch into the radial arteries and give
rise the small straight arteries in the basal layer of the
endometrium. The radial arteries become spiral arteries
supplying capillary bed and lacunae.

24. UTERUS:-The endometrium and myometrium undergo cyclic
changes during the Menstrual Cycle
Proliferative phase: Regulated by estrogens
-Epithelial cells in basal portion of glands reconstitute
the glands and migrate to cover endometrial surface
-Stromal cells proliferate
-Spiral arteries lengthen as the endometrium is reestablished
Secretory phase: Regulated by progesterone
- Endometrium thickens
- Glands enlarge
Menstrual phase: Decline in the secretion of estrogen and progesterone
- Glands stop secreting and endometrium shrinks
- Stratum functionalis is sloughed off

25. Uterus – Proliferative stage

26. Uterus – secretory phase

27. Uterus – later secretory phase

28. Mammary Glands
Modified apocrine sweat glands that develop under the influence of sex hormones
Inactive mammary gland contains ~ 20 irregular lobes of branched tubuloalveolar gland

29. Secretory portion of the mammary gland varies with menstrual cycle
During pregnancy, mammary glands undergo proliferation and development
Hormonal control
During initial growth and development, MG are under the influence of estrogens and progesterone
Slight changes occur in the MG with each ovarian cycle
During pregnancy, the corpus luteum and placenta produce estrogen and progesterone which stimulates proliferation of the lactiferous duct components and growth of the alveoli

31. Cervix
Cervical-uterine junction

32. CERVIX: Unlike the uterus the mucosa of the cervix
undergoes little change each cycle.
The cervix endometrium does contain
large, branched glands which undergo
dramatic changes each cycle.
The external os (vagina communicates
with the cervix) is where the abrupt
change from simple columnar
epithelium to stratified squamous
epithelium occurs

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