1. APES – UNIT 3
HYDROSPHERE

2. HYDROLOGY
-the study of the distribution and movement of water on Earth
a There are five processes by which water moves throughout each of the earth’s spheres
a condensation
a precipitation
a infiltration
a runoff
a evapo-transpiration

3. Water Properties Strong hydrogen bonds
Temperature changes slowly (high heat capacity)
High boiling and evaporation point
Universal solvent
Filters harmful UV radiation
Expands when it freezes

4. HYDROSPHERE 75% of Earth is covered by water
97% of all water is in the Ocean
3% of all water is freshwater
Fresh water distribution:
Ice: %
Groundwater: 1.7%
Surface Fresh Water: %
Atmosphere and soil: %

5. AQUATIC BIOMES TWO BROAD CATEGORIES: 1. MARINE/SALT WATER
(Ex. OCEANS, ESTUARIES)
2. FRESHWATER
(Ex. RIVERS, LAKES, WETLANDS)
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS USED TO CATEGORIZE INCLUDE:
SALINITY, DEPTH, WATER FLOW

6. SALINITY– salt (sodium chloride)
Salinity levels are written in parts per thousand (ppt)
*ocean salinity = 35 ppt (3.5% salt content)
(is affected by rainfall, evaporation, runoff, depth)
*freshwater is less than .5 ppt
*brackish water has between .5 – 17 ppt
NOTE: when salt water cools and freezes, it gets denser with salt and then it sinks. Ocean salinity increases with depth.

7. OCEANS - FACTS **ALL THE OCEANS ARE CONNECTED** ATLANTIC OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
ARCTIC OCEAN
SOUTHERN OCEAN
INDIAN OCEAN
*The largest ocean is the Pacific
*The deepest part of the Pacific is
at the bottom of the Mariana Trench
*The saltiest ocean is the North Atlantic (3.7 ppt)
*The salt comes from rocks & underwater volcanic eruptions

8. OCEAN – GLOBAL TEMPERUTURE REGULATOR
*the function of the oceans is to absorb sunlight energy which regulates temperatures in the Earth’s atmosphere
(without oceans, the temperatures would be too extreme for life)
*ocean temperatures affect climate and wind patterns
*currents that circulate warm waters moderate the climate of
northern lands EX. British isles are warmed by the Gulf Stream
*ocean evaporation accounts for most of the Earth’s precipitation

9. OCEAN – ZONATION by light & temperature
Pelagic = all open ocean region
Neritic = from low tide to edge of continental shelf, shallow depth to 650 ft,
well oxygenated, low pressure, lots of light
Oceanic = open sea beyond continental shelf
Epelagic / Photic = upper layer, depth (to 200 m) exposed to sunlight for
photosynthesis, warmest region, highest level of DO (dissolved oxygen)
Bathyal /Disphotic = dimly lit zone, not enough for photosynthesis
Abyssal zone / Aphotic = deep area, no sunlight, no photosynthesis, extremely
cold, very low DO, high pressure, high level of nutrients from
decaying organisms
Benthic = lowest level, ocean floor

10. OCEAN – ZONATION

11. OCEAN – TEMPERATURE ZONES
Surface zone = top layer , 300 meters deep, warmed by sun
Thermocline = 300 m to 700 m, temperature falls rapidly with depth
Deep zone = below thermocline to ocean bottom, dark and cold

12. OCEAN – INTERTIDAL ZONE
COASTLINE BETWEEN HIGH TIDE & LOW TIDE
Organisms here are exposed to sunlight, high temperatures and desiccation during low tide
Organisms are adapted to waves
Ex. Barnacles, algae, mussels, crabs, sea stars

13. OCEAN CURRENTS
*Surface currents are steam-like movements of water near the surface driven by wind patterns
-can be warm or cold (do not mix)
*Deep currents are steam-like movements of water that flow very slowly along ocean floor
* driven by difference in density due to temperature and salinity (Denser, saltier water sinks and less dense water rises)

14. OCEAN CIRCULATION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuGrBhK2c7U
*The Ocean Conveyor Belt is driven by thermo-haline currents
*Gulf Stream carries warm Caribbean water to North Europe
(when it gets to Iceland, it cools, becomes denser and saltier, then sinks creating a powerful, southbound current to Antarctica)
*Cold bottom waters warm and rise in Pacific & Indian oceans
GYRES = high vortex currents caused by
Corioliseffect

15. OCEANS - UPWELLING
*where prevailing winds from Coriolis effect push warmer, nutrient poor surface water away from coastline
*this surface water is replaced by cooler, nutrient rich, deeper waters (deeper waters have high levels of nitrates and phosphates that come from decomposition and sinking of surface waters plankton
*upwellings provide nutrient supply for photic regions
*Densest water will be at 4 ° C, when ice melts , surface water will sink, bottom water will move to surface overturning oxygen to bottom and nutrients to top

16. Currents, Waves & Shorelines
a currents carried on the surface of the water are called waves
a when waves meet the land shorelines are created
a the interaction between the sea and the land causes some erosion of the land which creates sediment
a sediment is carried into the ocean from the waves

17. Fresh Water—Rivers
What is a river?
A large channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope—made of many streams that come together.

18. Fresh Water — Lakes What is a lake?
A body of water of considerable size contained on a body of land.

19. LAKE STRATIFICATION

20. Lakes are divided into three categories
dystrophic lakes
low food value
full of soil particles
water is usually brown
oligotrophic lakes
lake nourishment
very clear water
MESOTROPHIC LAKES
Somewhat Clear water
Medium level of nutrients
Has beds of submerged plants
eutrophic lakes
well nourished
intense birdlife
lots of plankton

21. POND STRATIFICATION
Littoral Zone= shallow area of soil and water near shore where algae & plants grow, most photosynthesis occurs here
Limnetic zone= open water, floating algae called phytoplankton found here, extends as deep as sunlight can penetrate
Profundal Zone= in deeper lakes, below Limnetic, no sunlight , no photosynthesis, bacteria decompose the detritus consuming oxygen
Benthic Zone= muddy bottom of lake/pond

22. Other Surface Waters What is a wetland?
An area where the water table is at, near or above the land surface long enough during the year to support adapted plant growth.

23. Other Surface Waters What are the types of wetlands?
Swamps, bogs, and marshes
Swamp: a wetland dominated by trees
Bogs: a wetland dominated by peat moss
Marshes: a wetland dominated by grasses

24. Fresh Water --Groundwater
The water found in cracks and pores in sand, gravel and rocks below the earth’s surface.
zone of aeration= layer closest to the soils surface
Zone of saturation= under surface layer (all open spaces fill with water)

25. Additional Vocabulary
Artesian Well – a well in which water rises because of pressure within aquifer.
Reservoir – a lake that stores water for human use.
Tributary-a stream feeding a larger stream or a lake

26. The Water Table
saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water
water table: the upper surface of the zone of saturation
perched water table: the top of a body of ground water separated from the main water table beneath it by a zone that is not saturated

27. The Movement of Ground Water
most ground water moves relatively slowly through rock underground
because it moves in response to differences in water pressure and elevation, water within the upper part of the saturated zone tends to move downward following the slope of the water table
Movement of ground water beneath a sloping water table in uniformly permeable
rock. Near the surface the ground water tends to flow parallel to the sloping water table

28. Aquifer
aquifer: a body of saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily
good aquifers include sandstone, conglomerate, well-joined limestone, bodies of sand and gravel, and some fragmental or fractured volcanic rocks such as columnar basalt

29. Aquifers (cont.)
unconfined aquifer: a partially filed aquifer exposed to the land surface and marked by a rising and falling water table
confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): an aquifer completely filled with pressurized water and separated from the land surface by a relatively impermeable confining bed, such as shale

30. Fresh Water —Streams
What is a stream?
A small channel along which water is continually flowing down a slope—made of small gullies.

31. Springs and Streams
spring: a place where water flows naturally from rock onto the land surface
some springs discharge where the water table intersects the land surface, but they also occur where water flows out from caverns or along fractures, faults, or rock contacts that come to the surface
Water enters caves along joints
in limestone and exits as springs
at the mouths of caves
Springs can form along faults
when permeable rock has been
moved against less permeable rock.
Arrows show relative motion
along fault
Water moves along fractures in
crystalline rock and forms springs
where the fractures intersect the
land surface
Springs form at the contact between
a permeable rock such as sandstone
and an underlying less permeable rock
such as shale