1. Eric A. Graham Center for Embedded Networked Sensing Ecophysiology and CENS Technology Deborah Estrin, Michael Hamilton, Mark Hansen, William Kaiser, Phil Rundel Some (not all) Involved Summer Interns, Graduate students, and Staff Henrik Borgstrom EC Graduate Student Diane Budzik EC Graduate Student Kevin Chang CENS staff Victor Chen EC Graduate Student Caitlin Hamilton Summer Intern John Hicks CENS staff Yeung Lam CENS staff Nithya Ramanathan CS Graduate Student Terrestrial Ecology Observing Systems Geoff Robertson Summer Intern Colin Rundel Summer Staff Marina Sharifi Summer Intern Amarjeet Singh EC Graduate Student Michael Stealey EC Graduate Student Mike Taggart CENS/JR staff Cathy Kong EC Graduate Student Eric Yuen CENS staff

2. Science QuestionsTechnology Drivers Light and Temperature H ow does Bracken Fern maximize its photosynthesis? A re the thermal properties of soil related to its CO 2 flux? NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS Mobile and articulated imagers and sensors including: temperature, humidity, energy, CO 2, PAR, NIR Imaging and Spectroscopy W hat is the carbon budget of a drought-tolerant moss? W hat is the variation in timing of leaf flushes and flowering events? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops), articulated, and fixed imagers, and image processing and analysis Atmosphere and Microclimate H ow often do transient atmospheric events occur at James Reserve? H ow does the soil-atmosphere interface affect high-altitude plants? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable, and fixed wireless sensors including: temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR Light and Temperature Imaging and Spectroscopy Atmosphere and Microclimate Ecophysiology and CENS Technology

3. Carbon Gain and Water Loss: the Big Trade-Off I n order for leaves to photosynthesize, they need to open small pores (stomata) to allow CO 2 in the air to enter the leaf and reach the cells containing chlorophyll. O ne problem is that the air spaces in the leaves are saturated with water vapor and by opening the stomata, water simultaneously diffuses out of the leaves leading to significant water loss. Photosynthesis: Background CO 2 in H 2 O out

4. A bove-ground fronds (leaves) are connected by an underground stem which, for a large area, may be a single plant. E volutionarily, plants are “designed” to maximize their carbon gain, but in natural situations they tend to be resource- limited. W ater is probably the greatest limiter of photosynthesis during the warm growing season. Bracken Ferns: Observations Geoff and Brachen Ferns

5. I n the extremes of sun or shade, fronds do not appear. F ronds in exposed areas (sun-fronds) are smaller and may be acclimated to conserve water as a priority. F ronds occurring in the shade have more surface areas and may be acclimated to gain carbon because light is limiting. M easuring some physiological properties and quantifying the light environment, we should be able to model the cost-benefit relationships for areas where Bracken Ferns grow. Bracken Ferns: Observations Semi-Shady Semi-Sunny

6. Bracken Ferns: Hypotheses B racken ferns will maximize their carbon gain by opening stomata for CO 2 entry, but also tries to minimize their water loss by closing pores to restrict H 2 O from leaving. Hypothesis 1: T he opening and closing of stomata with changes in light and humidity conditions (sunrise, sunset, sunflecks) will be different in different fronds of the same plant that are growing in different areas (sunny or shady). Thus, carbon uptake will be maximized and water loss minimized for the plant as a whole.

7. Bracken Ferns: Measurements Sunny Shady Induction of photosynthesis at dawn

8. shade = 15  mol m -2 s -1 sun = 300  mol m -2 s -1 Bracken Ferns: Measurements Induction of photosynthesis gained with sunflecks lost with sunflecks

9. Science QuestionsTechnology Drivers Light and Temperature H ow does Bracken Fern maximize its photosynthesis? A re the thermal properties of soil related to its CO 2 flux? NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS Mobile and articulated imagers and sensors including: temperature, humidity, energy, CO 2, PAR, NIR Imaging and Spectroscopy W hat is the carbon budget of a drought-tolerant moss? W hat is the variation in timing of leaf flushes and flowering events? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops), articulated, and fixed imagers, and image processing and analysis Atmosphere and Microclimate H ow often do transient atmospheric events occur at James Reserve? H ow does the soil-atmosphere interface affect high-altitude plants? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable, and fixed wireless sensors including: temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR Light and Temperature Imaging and Spectroscopy Atmosphere and Microclimate Ecophysiology and CENS Technology

10. NIMS above the Bracken Ferns Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology

11. NIMS Control and Image Browsing Tool Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology F or control of the NIMS PTZ camera for image capture simultaneously with display of historical images. A llows sorting, quick viewing, selection of historical and live images by metadata, and then the application of simple image tools, such as histograms or color transformations. (Eric Yuen)

12. Image from NIMS Segmented Image Binary Segmented Image Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology This and next slides stolen from the Multiscale Sensing Project worked on by: Diane Budzik Amarjeet Singh Cathy Kong

13. NIMS Multiscale Fusion for Solar Radiation Mapping using NIMS 3D Goal –Identify proper sparse sensor distributions that accurately identify each context layer –Active verification Fusion –Local area fixed and mobile sensing –Local low and high resolution imaging –Global sensors –Remote sensing Exploit adaptive sampling –High throughput measurements Bracken Ferns: NIMS Technology

14. Bracken Ferns: Modeling S tatistical Description of Radiation P hotosynthesis Response Parameters Descriptive Model of Where Bracken Ferns Should Grow Testing of the Hypothesis Compare to Where Bracken Ferns Actually Grow

15. Science QuestionsTechnology Drivers Light and Temperature H ow does Bracken Fern maximize its photosynthesis? A re the thermal properties of soil related to its CO 2 flux? NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS Mobile and articulated imagers and sensors including: temperature, humidity, energy, CO 2, PAR, NIR Imaging and Spectroscopy W hat is the carbon budget of a drought-tolerant moss? W hat is the variation in timing of leaf flushes and flowering events? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops), articulated, and fixed imagers, and image processing and analysis Atmosphere and Microclimate H ow often do transient atmospheric events occur at James Reserve? H ow does the soil-atmosphere interface affect high-altitude plants? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable, and fixed wireless sensors including: temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR Light and Temperature Imaging and Spectroscopy Atmosphere and Microclimate Ecophysiology and CENS Technology

16. Moss: Observations T he moss Tortula princeps undergoes changes in reflected visible light (turns green and brown) during natural cycles of wetting and drying. The MossCam project S tarted in 2003 at the James Reserve with a networked video camera taking pictures every 30 seconds of a drought-tolerant moss on the side of a granite boulder. I mages are saved every 15 minutes. dry moss wet moss

17. Moss: Observations More about the moss: D rought-tolerant moss cells function for most of the time at maximum photosynthesis when external water is present (green moss). D uring drying, external water is lost first and water stress is a relatively brief phase (minutes to hours) before full desiccation occurs and net CO 2 uptake stops (brown moss). T he genus Tortula has been extensively studied because of its cellular protection, and rapid shut-down and resumption of gene expression during cycles of drying.

18. Moss: Hypotheses Hypotheses: L aboratory-collected digital images of T. princeps can be correlated with laboratory measurements of photosynthesis over the course of a drying cycle. T his correlation can be applied to the images collected at the field site and then related to local micrometeorological conditions to estimate field photosynthetic rates. T he ultimate goal of this study was to begin to develop methods for the application of visible-light, digital cameras for plant ecological studies.

19. Moss: Measurements Laboratory-collected data : P hotosynthesis was measured during drying and rewetting of the moss under ideal temperature and light conditions, while simultaneously taking digital pictures to measure the color change. P hotosynthesis was measured over different light levels while holding temperature and moisture constant. P hotosynthesis was measured over different temperatures while holding light and moisture constant.

20. Science QuestionsTechnology Drivers Light and Temperature H ow does Bracken Fern maximize its photosynthesis? A re the thermal properties of soil related to its CO 2 flux? NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS Mobile and articulated imagers and sensors including: temperature, humidity, energy, CO 2, PAR, NIR Imaging and Spectroscopy W hat is the carbon budget of a drought-tolerant moss? W hat is the variation in timing of leaf flushes and flowering events? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops), articulated, and fixed imagers, and image processing and analysis Atmosphere and Microclimate H ow often do transient atmospheric events occur at James Reserve? H ow does the soil-atmosphere interface affect high-altitude plants? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable, and fixed wireless sensors including: temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR Light and Temperature Imaging and Spectroscopy Atmosphere and Microclimate Ecophysiology and CENS Technology

21. Moss: Image Analysis Image Browsing Tool F or quickly identifying standard color model differences in images. A llows sorting, quick viewing, selection of images by metadata, and then the application of simple image tools, such as histograms or color transformations. (Eric Yuen)

22. Moss: Image Analysis D ifferences in the Red, Green, and Blue pixel frequencies of the RGB images were analyzed for differences between wet, happy mosses and brown, dormant mosses in the lab.

23. Moss: Modeling a Week Rain = Color Change  Modeled Photosynthesis* *Under ideal temperature and light.

24. Moss: Modeling a Year N ext steps: Use micromet data (temperature and light) from the James Reserve to fit a simple, first-order model of limitation to photosynthesis in the field: Water  Light  Temperature = Percentage of Maximal, Instantaneous Photosynthesis Indices range from 0 (completely limiting) to 1 (allowing maximum photosynthesis)

25. Science QuestionsTechnology Drivers Light and Temperature H ow does Bracken Fern maximize its photosynthesis? A re the thermal properties of soil related to its CO 2 flux? NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS Mobile and articulated imagers and sensors including: temperature, humidity, energy, CO 2, PAR, NIR Imaging and Spectroscopy W hat is the carbon budget of a drought-tolerant moss? W hat is the variation in timing of leaf flushes and flowering events? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops), articulated, and fixed imagers, and image processing and analysis Atmosphere and Microclimate H ow often do transient atmospheric events occur at James Reserve? H ow does the soil-atmosphere interface affect high-altitude plants? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable, and fixed wireless sensors including: temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR Light and Temperature Imaging and Spectroscopy Atmosphere and Microclimate Ecophysiology and CENS Technology

26. California Nevada Cold Air Drainage: Location The James Reserve www.jamesreserve.edu

27. Cold Air Drainage: Location Transient Atmospheric Events ≠ Weather Two days ago…

28. Cold Air Drainage: Theory A s the air near the top of a mountain cools through radiation or contact with colder surfaces, it becomes heavier than the surrounding air and gradually flows downward. A s cooling continues, the flow of air increases, achieving speeds up to 15 mph at the base of the mountain and a depth of 200 feet or more. C old Air Drainage Project

29. A s the air near the top of a mountain cools through radiation or contact with colder surfaces, it becomes heavier than the surrounding air and gradually flows downward. A s cooling continues, the flow of air increases, achieving speeds up to 15 mph at the base of the mountain and a depth of 200 feet or more. C old Air Drainage Project Cold Air Drainage: Theory

30. A s the air near the top of a mountain cools through radiation or contact with colder surfaces, it becomes heavier than the surrounding air and gradually flows downward. A s cooling continues, the flow of air increases, achieving speeds up to 15 mph at the base of the mountain and a depth of 200 feet or more. C old Air Drainage Project Cold Air Drainage: Theory

31. Co ld Air A s the air near the top of a mountain cools through radiation or contact with colder surfaces, it becomes heavier than the surrounding air and gradually flows downward. A s cooling continues, the flow of air increases, achieving speeds up to 15 mph at the base of the mountain and a depth of 200 feet or more. C old Air Drainage Project Cold Air Drainage: Theory

32. Cold Air Drainage: Observations

33. Mostly Crops C old air movements can affect plants (and animals) that may be frost- or humidity- sensitive, affect the spread of disease, and can set micro- geographic limits on plant distribution. L ots of anecdotal information is available on cold air drainage, usually in agricultural settings. Don’t plant peaches on a slope near a barrier. Grapes can be damaged in low-lying areas. Cold Air Drainage: Observations

34. Not a Basin C old air movements are usually measured where cold air can pool and is thus easily measured. Hypothesis: W e should be able to measure cold air drainage in a complicated terrain like at the James Reserve with simple sensors and a wireless network. Cold Air Drainage: Hypothesis

35. Science QuestionsTechnology Drivers Light and Temperature H ow does Bracken Fern maximize its photosynthesis? A re the thermal properties of soil related to its CO 2 flux? NIMS, ESS, and AMARSS Mobile and articulated imagers and sensors including: temperature, humidity, energy, CO 2, PAR, NIR Imaging and Spectroscopy W hat is the carbon budget of a drought-tolerant moss? W hat is the variation in timing of leaf flushes and flowering events? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable (Cyclops), articulated, and fixed imagers, and image processing and analysis Atmosphere and Microclimate H ow often do transient atmospheric events occur at James Reserve? H ow does the soil-atmosphere interface affect high-altitude plants? NIMS and ESS Mobile, repositionable, and fixed wireless sensors including: temperature, humidity, PAR, NIR Light and Temperature Imaging and Spectroscopy Atmosphere and Microclimate Ecophysiology and CENS Technology

36. Real-time Ethernet connectivity through microservers. Hardware Tiered wireless, mote- based embedded sensor network for microclimate measurements. Centralized microservers. Software Remote and pre-programmed automatic operation. Event-driven data collection. Internet access to real-time data and images. Cold Air Drainage: Technology

37. ESS Control and Deployment Tool F or aiding in the deployment and testing of radios and sensors in the field. A dditional functionality includes real-time systems’ metrics, real-time data, sending commands to specific motes for troubleshooting. (Yeung Lam) Cold Air Drainage: Technology

38. Current Time Series Data Browsing Tool - DAS F or identifying sensors, and times when transient atmospheric events occur. A dditional functionality includes systems’ metrics, a graphical display of connectivity parameters, and access to the MySQL database. (Kevin Chang) Cold Air Drainage: Technology

39. Archived Time Series Data Browsing Tool F or identifying sensors, and times when transient atmospheric events occur. F unctionality includes de/selecting data sets, color choice, and manipulation of time domain in which to view data. (Victor Chen) Cold Air Drainage: Technology

40. Cold Air Drainage: Measurements T wo days of temperature from 4 stations, including the fixed Trailfinder Tower station as a reference (lots of continuous data)

41. Cold air drainage event Cold Air Drainage: Measurements

42. Temperature from the same 4 stations Cold Air Drainage: Measurements

43. Weaker cold air drainage events Temperature from the same 4 stations Cold Air Drainage: Measurements

44. Temperature from the same 4 stations Warm air flowing on top of cold air? Cold Air Drainage: Measurements

45. Temperature from the same 4 stations Warm air flowing on top of cold air? No cold air drainage… Cold Air Drainage: Measurements

46. Midnight What the heck? Cold Air Drainage: Measurements

47. Cold Air Drainage: Modeling This is More Complicated than We Thought… H ow frequent and what are the magnitudes of Cold Air Drainage events? W hat kinds of other transient variations can we quantify and under what conditions do they occur? W hat kinds of impacts do these variations have on the local distribution of plant and animal species? More deployments, more measurements!