1. Sep. 17, 2003KTB The future GSI facility Physics with antiprotons at the GSI future facility The PANDA detector Target options and vertex detector, triggers Summary and outlook PANDA at the GSI Future Facility Kai-Thomas Brinkmann Sep. 17, 2003 VERTEX 2003 Low Wood, Lake Windermere supported by BMBF

2. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Press Release 16/2003, http://www.bmbf.dehttp://www.bmbf.de 05.02.2003 Bulmahn gives green light for large-scale research equipment "We are securing an international top position for German basic research"...Basic research in the natural sciences has a long tradition in Germany. Its success is inseparably linked with the use of large-scale equipment at national and international research centres. "With the new concept, basic research in Germany will start from an excellent position when entering a new decade of successful work", Minister Bulmahn said. Together with European partners, the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt shall extend its equipment in a phased approach and become a leading European physics centre. At least 25% of the costs amounting to €675 million are to be supplied by foreign partners.

3. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Extension of the facility with respect to: highest intensities highest brilliance higher beam energy higher beam power parallel operation of the complex for very different experiments http://www-new.gsi.de/zukunftsprojekt/index_e.html

4. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Intensity upgrade of the existing accelerator complex 10 12 /s, 1.5 A GeV 238 U 28+ Acceleration in SIS 100 2(4)·10 13 /s 30 GeV protons 10 10 /s 238 U 73+ to 25 (- 35) A GeV Storage in SIS 200 Technical prerequisites Beam cooling Fast-ramping superconducting magnets Primary Beams SIS 100/200 SIS 18 http://www-new.gsi.de/zukunftsprojekt/index_e.html

5. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Upgrade of the existing accelerator complex space charge (vacuum) (U 28+ instead of U 73+ ) frequency (power) (0.3 Hz instead of 3 Hz) => 10 12 /s, 1.5 A GeV 238 U 28+ Acceleration in SIS 100 2(4)·10 13 /s 30 GeV protons 10 10 /s 238 U 73+ to 25 (- 35) A GeV Storage in SIS 200 Technical prerequisites beam cooling fast-ramping superconducting magnets SIS 100/200 Primary Beams

6. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Physics at the Future Facility Plasma physics Physics of exotic nuclei and atoms Physics of hot and compressed nuclear matter Hadron physics with antiprotons

7. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Secondary beams Radioactive beams from 1.5 to 2 A GeV, 10 4 more intensive than at present Antiprotons from 3 (0) to 30 GeV Storage rings, beam cooling Radioactive beams e – A collider 10 11 stored and cooled antiprotons of 0.8 to 14.5 GeV/c Secondary Beams HESR NESR CR SuperFRS

8. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Secondary Beams – Antiprotons 29 GeV protons on Cu (or Ir) yield 3.5·10 -6 antiprotons per p at 3.5 GeV/c (8·10 7 per pulse of 2·10 13 p)

9. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Accumulation and preparation in NESR Stacking to 10 11 antiprotons Injection into SIS 100 and acceleration Extraction into HESR for experiments 10 11 stored antiprotons 0.8 to 14.5 GeV L = 2·10 32 cm -2 s -1  p/p ≥ 10 -4 L = 1·10 31 cm -2 s -1  p/p ≥ 10 -5  x/x ≥ 100 µm Secondary Beams – Antiprotons

10. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Extraction into HESR for experiments 10 11 stored antiprotons 0.8 to 14.5 GeV  x/x ≥ 100 µm Secondary Beams – Antiprotons L = 2·10 32 cm -2 s -1  p/p ≥ 10 -4 L = 1·10 31 cm -2 s -1  p/p ≥ 10 -5

11. Sep. 17, 2003KTB PAN DA PANDA antiProton ANnihilation experiment located at the new accelerator facility at DArmstadt..in short: PANDA Many open questions in non-perturbative QCD - Charmonium spectroscopy - Hybrids- New states Chiral symmetry in SU(3) and SU(4) - Hadrons in nuclear matter Hypernuclei: “3 rd dimension of the chart of nuclides“ CP violation in the charm sector, virtual Compton scattering, baryon spectroscopy, antiproton physics at low energies...

12. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Charmonium spectroscopy formation Superior resolution in formation Structure of Hadrons: Quark-Gluon Dynamics 100 keV

13. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Hybrids Quarks in mesons are well- localized objects connected by gluons which can be excited (qqg, gg states) Structure of Hadrons: Quark-Gluon Dynamics Expectation: Hybrid states better separated from fewer states in charm region

14. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Hadrons in nuclear matter and chiral restoration cold Mesons in cold baryonic matter: production with antiprotons    p - beams SIS 18 SIS 200 T [MeV] 300 LHC RHIC SPS Mesons in Nuclear Matter

15. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Mesons in Nuclear Matter SIS: increased K - yield in nuclei through medium modification Interpretation: effective mass in the medium differs from the free mass FOPI, KaoS, ANKE pionic atoms GSI CBM and PANDA

16. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Hadrons in nuclei D effective mass opens strong decay channels → properties of (vector) mesons changed Mesons in Nuclear Matter

17. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors C. Schwarz, GSI Fixed-target experiment  Forward-backward asymmetry required  Solenoid + dipole  Granularity increase with decreasing scattering angle Lower quality requirements for backward hemisphere  Access to most detectors will be possible through the upstream end of the detector (e.g. DIRC) only. vertex detector 1m

18. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors PANDA, top view PANDA, side view

19. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Tracking Calorimeter Myons (plastic) PID (DIRC, Aerogel) 4π High rate capability Particle ID Efficient trigger C. Schwarz, GSI

20. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Pellet target: 10 16 atoms/cm 2, pellets of 20-40 µm diameter 1 mm L = 10 31 cm -2 s -1 with 5·10 10 p in HESR, suited for high resolution mode,  p/p ~ 10 -5, with e - -cooling (up to 8 GeV ) Targets

21. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Cluster jet target: Up to 10 15 atoms/cm 2 about 1 cm long in interaction region Superfluid Helium targets: 10 15 atoms/cm 2, droplets, 0.5-100 µm ø with little divergence only (<0.1°) Heavy ion targets: heavy gases, wires, and foils L =2·10 32 /cm 2 s with 2·10 11 p in HESR (  p/p ~ 10 -4 with stochastic cooling) A. Khoukaz, U Münster Targets

22. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Panda will have to cope with an extended interaction region Primary vertex often unknown Wires and (perhaps) pellets define z with ~20 µm accuracy, displacement observable 10 7 interactions per second have to be handled and efficiently searched for events of desired shape Targets and Trigger

23. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Panda will have to cope with an extended interaction region Primary vertex often unknown Wires and (perhaps) pellets define z with ~20 µm accuracy, displacement observable 10 7 interactions per second have to be handled and efficiently searched for events of desired shape Targets and Trigger

24. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Panda will have to cope with an extended interaction region Primary vertex often unknown Wires and (perhaps) pellets define z with ~20 µm accuracy, displacement observable 10 7 interactions per second have to be handled and efficiently searched for events of desired shape Targets and Trigger

25. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Forward Spectrometer C. Schwarz, GSI Forward dipole: Max. B-field 2 Tm, actual field given by beam energy 1 m gap Tracking with drift chambers PID with Cherenkov e-m calorimeter Hadronic calorimeter Muon chambers

26. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: e-m Calorimeter Barrel materialPbWO 4 size of crystals3.5 X 3.5 X 15 cm 3 thickness17 X 0 energy resolution 1.54% / (  E/GeV) + 0.3% time resolution< 150 ps no of crystals7150 angular coverage96% of 4π APD readout, fast scintillator to handle high rate

27. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: DIRC PID ( e, , , K, p ): below 5 0 hadronic calorimeter 5 0 <Θ<22 0 aerogel Cherenkov counter or forward RICH 22 0 <Θ<140 0 DIRC (BABAR@SLAC) Simulated DIRC response:  / K sep.

28. Sep. 17, 2003KTB DIRC provides particle ID above 700 MeV/c only, but dynamic range of particles extends down to much lower momenta, esp. in backward direction  Time-of-flight and/or energy loss measurement required! Add plastic barrel, use Silicon detector pulse height … Detectors

29. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Outer Tracker Straw tubes Alternating tilted layers 15 double layers 9000 tubes Layers 2-14 are inclined with skew angles between 4-9 o Tube length –1.5 m Tube diameters – 4, 6, 8 mm 20 µm aluminized mylar, anode wire 20 µm thick Light materials Self-supporting structure High rate capability due to single-straw readout

30. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Outer Tracker Performance studies (GEANT4) KTB Feb. 04, 2003 Transverse resolution 150 µm Longitudinal resolution 1 mm

31. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Outer Tracker He + 10% i C 4 H 10 Ar + 10% CO 2 He + 10% i C 4 H 10 Ar + 10% CO 2 Spatial resolution and drift velocity depend on counter gas mixture.

32. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex Micro-vertex detector Conceptual design adopts state-of-the-art silicon sensor techniques (ATLAS/CMS/ALICE inner tracker layers) A. Sokolov, GSI Design features: 5 layers forward of 90° Barrel and forward disk structures Smallest possible inner radius Fast readout

33. Sep. 17, 2003KTB 7.2M barrel pixels, 50 μm x 300 μm 2M forward pixels, 100 μm x 150 μm 5 layers, 200 μm thick sensors (0.25%X 0 ) Bump-bonded readout, 300 µm thick (0.37% X 0 ) Detectors: Inner Vertex forward wheels pixels 100 µm X 150 µm beam pipe pellet pipe barrel pixels 50 µm X 300 µm ToF total area < 0.2 m 2

34. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Radial deviationLongitudinal dev. track y x z KTB April 24, 2003 Detectors: Inner Vertex

35. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Momentum resolution using the vertex and straw detectors KTB April 24, 2003 Detectors: Inner Vertex

36. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex Micro-vertex detector optimisation Minimum distance to vertex “point” Beam pipe diameter needed for accelerator reasons, exhaust rate of targets, radiation load Number of track points Detector thickness (scattering,  conversion) Pixel sizeExtrapolation of present-day technology; estimation of potential of technologies which are currently under development

37. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex Micro-vertex detector optimisation distance / mm Change in beam pipe diameter 2 cm  4 cm (may be needed for vacuum and pumping)

38. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex Barrel 90 staves, forward 120 staves Thickness: staves 0.32% X 0 cooling 0.4% X 0 TOTAL 0.96% to 3.6% X 0 Beam pipe now BeAl alloy, 500 µm

39. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex Present round of simulations (A. Sokolov, GSI) Conversion probabilities (from pp  3  0 at 8 GeV/c) Beam pipe0.9% Vertex detector 3.1% Straw tracker3.5% (2% from support) DIRC20%

40. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex  / deg  / mm Spatial resolution Layer (or disk) number Detector Resolution [  m] Multiple scattering for different polar angles [  m]  Z(R)90 o 30 o 9o9o 112 (40)70 (25)008 212 (40)70 (25)51435 312 (40)70 (25)1338120 470 (40)12 (25)2668180 570 (40)12 (25)45132250 Multiple scattering of µ with Pc = 1 GeV

41. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex Modification of pixel orientation (size 50 µm x 400 µm) 1 st and 3 rd – 5 th layers with pads  to beam 2 nd layer || to beam direction Pad intrinsic resolution 12 µm x 70 µm Mean resolution for pp  4  events at 8 GeV

42. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex  (3770)  D + D -  K + +K - +2  + +2  - D [mm] Z [mm] Only longitudinal coordinate sensitive to D-mesons

43. Sep. 17, 2003KTB 8 GeV/c Detectors: Inner Vertex

44. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Hypernuclei

45. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Detectors: Inner Vertex Considerations on radiation hardness Multiplicity of neutrons/protons, p+Fe, 7 GeV/c, about 10 (total particle multiplicity 30) [UrQMD, Galoyan&Polanski hep-ph/0304196] Neutron flux: HI targets aiming at 10 7 interactions/ s, M n = 10 => Φ n  10 6 cm -2 s -1 in innermost layer (r = 1 cm) 3·10 13 neutrons per year, probably less in case of Hydrogen targets

46. Sep. 17, 2003KTB DAQ and Trigger Self-triggered detector readout Flash ADCs Synchronization via distributed clock, 50 ps resolution NO trigger signals, but FPGA-based flexible data reduction, feature extraction and filtering on the fly High-performance computer nodes and high- bandwidth connections, Gbit Ethernet Hardware: PC memories and FPGAs Self-Triggered Data Push Architecture to allow parallel selection of different event types

47. Sep. 17, 2003KTB Summary PANDA @ GSI will have a rich physics programme. A broad range of physics topics will be covered with one multi-purpose detector setup. For most of these topics, a micro-vertex detector is essential. Studies for the detector layout are under way. Also under investigation: alternative designs, e.g. employing MAPS and/or strip detectors.

48. Sep. 17, 2003KTB U Bochum U Bonn U & INFN Brescia U Catania U Cracow GSI Darmstadt TU Dresden JINR Dubna I + II U Erlangen NWU Evanston U & INFN Ferrara U Frankfurt LNF-INFN Frascati U & INFN Genova U Glasgow U Gießen KVI Groningen IKP Jülich I + II U Katowice LANL Los Alamos U Mainz TU München U Münster BINP Novosibirsk U Pavia U of Silesia U Torino Politechnico di Torino U & INFN Trieste U Tübingen U & TSL Uppsala ÖAdW Vienna SINS Warsaw 40 Institutes (32 Locations) from 9 Countries: Austria - Germany – Italy – Netherlands – Poland – Russia – Sweden – United Kingdom – USA