1. Pneumatics technology 4. lesson
Institute of Engeneering Sciences
Pneumatics technology 4. lesson

2. About the forth course
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3. 2/2 Valve actuator control
- A pair of the most basic of all valve types the 2/2 can be used to control a single acting cylinder
The normally closed position of the valve is produced by the spring
The operated position is produced by the push button
- One valve admits air the other valve exhausts it 2 10 12 1
OUT IN
2/2 Valve actuator control
- A pair of the most basic of all valve types the 2/2 can be used to control a single acting cylinder
- The normally closed position of the valve is produced by the spring
- The operated position is produced by the push button
- One valve admits air the other valve exhausts it

4. 2/2 Valve actuator control
- The button marked OUT is pushed to operate the valve
Air is connected to the cylinder and it outstrokes
Air cannot escape to atmosphere through the valve marked IN as this is closed
The air at atmospheric pressure in the front of the cylinder vents through the breather port 2 10 1 12
OUT IN
2/2 Valve actuator control
- The button marked OUT is pushed to operate the valve
Air is connected to the cylinder and it outstrokes
Air cannot escape to atmosphere through the valve marked IN as this is closed
The air at atmospheric pressure in the front of the cylinder vents through the breather port

5. 2/2 Valve actuator control
The push button of the valve marked OUT is released and it returns to a normal closed position
Air is now trapped in the system and provided there are no leaks the piston rod will stay in the outstroked position
If the load increases beyond the force exerted by the air the piston rod will start to move in 2 10 1 12
OUT IN
2/2 Valve actuator control
The push button of the valve marked OUT is released and it returns to a normal closed position
Air is now trapped in the system and provided there are no leaks the piston rod will stay in the outstroked position
If the load increases beyond the force exerted by the air the piston rod will start to move in

6. 2/2 Valve actuator control
The button marked IN is pushed to operate the valve
Air escapes and the piston rod moves to the instroked position
The push button must be held operated until the piston rod is fully in
Atmospheric air will be drawn in to the front of the cylinder through the vent port
2/2 Valve actuator control
The button marked IN is pushed to operate the valve
Air escapes and the piston rod moves to the instroked position
The push button must be held operated until the piston rod is fully in
Atmospheric air will be drawn in to the front of the cylinder through the vent port 2 1 12 10 12 10 1 2
OUT IN

7. 2/2 Valve actuator control
- If the button marked IN is released the piston rod will remain in the instroked position
- Any leaks in the installation can cause the piston rod to creep 2 10 12 1
OUT IN
2/2 Valve actuator control
- If the button marked IN is released the piston rod will remain in the instroked position
- Any leaks in the installation can cause the piston rod to creep

8. Direct Control of a Single-acting cylinder
A 3 port valve provides the inlet and exhaust path and is the normal choice for the control of a single acting cylinder
In the normal position produced by the spring, the valve is closed
In the operated position produced by the push button the valve is open
The push button must be held down for as long as the cylinder is outstroked 1 2 3 12 10
Direct Control of a Single-acting cylinder
A 3 port valve provides the inlet and exhaust path and is the normal choice for the control of a single acting cylinder
In the normal position produced by the spring, the valve is closed
In the operated position produced by the push button the valve is open
The push button must be held down for as long as the cylinder is outstroked
The piston of a single-acting cylinder is to move out when a pushbutton is operated, on relasing pushbutton, the cylinder is to travel back to the end position.
When the 3/2-way valve is operated, air flows from P to A and exhaust port R is blocked. When the bushbutton is released, the valve is reset by the spring. The cylinder chamber and the compressed air line exhaust from A to R, and the compressed air port P is closed.

9. Direct Control of a Single-acting cylinder
A 3 port valve provides the inlet and exhaust path and is the normal choice for the control of a single acting cylinder
In the normal position produced by the spring, the valve is closed
In the operated position produced by the push button the valve is open
The push button must be held down for as long as the cylinder is outstroked
3/2 valve actuator control
A 3 port valve provides the inlet and exhaust path and is the normal choice for the control of a single acting cylinder
In the normal position produced by the spring, the valve is closed
In the operated position produced by the push button the valve is open
The push button must be held down for as long as the cylinder is outstroked 2 12 10 3 1

10. Indirect Control of a Single-acting cylinder
The piston of a large-volume single-acting cylinder (large diameter, large stroke lenght, large distance from valve to cylinder) is to move out after operating a valve and return to its end position after this valve has been released.
Operation of valve 1.2 opens the passage for the compressed air from P to A, and hence signal at Z on valve 1.1. Owing to switchover of vave 1.1, air flows from P to A and thus the forward stroke is effected on the single-acting cylinder. 1 2 3 12 10 1 2 3 12 10
Indirect Control of a Single-acting cylinder
The piston of a large-volume single-acting cylinder (large diameter, large stroke lenght, large distance from valve to cylinder) is to move out after operating a valve and return to its end position after this valve has been released.
Operation of valve 1.2 opens the passage for the compressed air from P to A, and hence signal at Z on valve 1.1. Owing to switchover of vave 1.1, air flows from P to A and thus the forward stroke is effected on the single-acting cylinder.
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
Push

11. Double acting cylinder
They are available in different constructions such as:
Conventional
Double ended piston rod type
Rod less type
Tandem type
Multi-position type
Rotary type
Double acting cylinder
They are available in different constructions such as:
Conventional
Double ended piston rod type
Rod less type
Tandem type
Multi-position type
Rotary type

12. Conventional cylinders
Duble acting cylinders are equipped with two working ports – one on the piston side and the other on the rod side. To achieve forward motion of the cylinder, compressed air is admitted on the piston side and the rod side is connected to exhaust. During return motion supply air admitted at the rod side while the piston side volume is connected to the exthaust. Force is exerted by the piston both during forward and return motion of cylinder.
Duble acting cylinders are available in diameters from few mm to around 300 mm and stroke lengths of few mm up to 2 meters.
Conventional cylinders
Duble acting cylinders are equipped with two working ports – one on the piston side and the other on the rod side. To achieve forward motion of the cylinder, compressed air is admitted on the piston side and the rod side is connected to exhaust. During return motion supply air admitted at the rod side while the piston side volume is connected to the exthaust. Force is exerted by the piston both during forward and return motion of cylinder.
Duble acting cylinders are available in diameters from few mm to around 300 mm and stroke lengths of few mm up to 2 meters.

13. Double ended piston rod type
Pneumatic cylinders operates at much higher speeds than hydraulic cylinder. Due to this, there is a tendency of the piston to ram against the end covers as the piston approaches the ends at high velocity especially in cylinder with large mass. This impact force can damage the cylinder as well as the piston due to repetitive action.
All duble acting cylinders excepting for small sizes, are provided with end position cushioning arrangement.
This arrangement decelerates the piston motion as it approaches the end of the stroke
Double ended piston rod type
Pneumatic cylinders operates at much higher speeds than hydraulic cylinder. Due to this, there is a tendency of the piston to ram against the end covers as the piston approaches the ends at high velocity especially in cylinder with large mass. This impact force can damage the cylinder as well as the piston due to repetitive action.
All duble acting cylinders excepting for small sizes, are provided with end position cushioning arrangement.
This arrangement decelerates the piston motion as it approaches the end of the stroke

14. Rod less type
Different operational principals are used for the construction of rod less cylinders:
Cable cylinder
Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
Cylinder with magnetically coupled slide
Rod less cylinder have the following advantages:
Available in long lengths – up to 4 m or even higher (as there is no buckling)
Most ideally suited for stopping and fixing (robotic application)
Occupies less space as the extension rod is not present
Rod less type
Different operational principals are used for the construction of rod less cylinders:
Cable cylinder
Sealing band cylinder with slotted cylinder barrel
Cylinder with magnetically coupled slide
Rod less cylinder have the following advantages:
Available in long lengths – up to 4 m or even higher (as there is no buckling)
Most ideally suited for stopping and fixing (robotic application)
Occupies less space as the extension rod is not present

15. Rod less cylinder with magnetic coupling
This cylinder has a hermetically sealed arrangement where piston is housed inside a sealed cylinder barrel. The piston is provided with number of annular ring magnets, radially polarised. An external sleeve which slides over the cylinder, is also provided with similar arrangment of ring magnets.
Thus a magnetic coupling is establised between the piston and slider. As the piston reciprocates due to supply of compressed air, the slider also reciprocates oven the clinder.
Rod less cylinder with magnetic coupling
This cylinder has a hermetically sealed arrangement where piston is housed inside a sealed cylinder barrel. The piston is provided with number of annular ring magnets, radially polarised. An external sleeve which slides over the cylinder, is also provided with similar arrangment of ring magnets.
Thus a magnetic coupling is establised between the piston and slider. As the piston reciprocates due to supply of compressed air, the slider also reciprocates oven the clinder.

16. Rod less cylinder mechanically coupled
The cylinder barrel is provided with a slot across the entire length. The force is transmitter through a slide permanently connected to the piston. The connection from piston to slide is directed outwards through the slotted cylinder barrel. The slot is sealed by means of a sealing band, which seals the inside of the slot.
The sealing band is guided between the piston seals and passed under the slide. A second metallic cover srtip, covers the slot from the outside to prevent the ingress of dirt.
Rod less cylinder – mechanically coupled
The cylinder barrel is provided with a slot across the entire length. The force is transmitter through a slide permanently connected to the piston. The connection from piston to slide is directed outwards through the slotted cylinder barrel. The slot is sealed by means of a sealing band, which seals the inside of the slot.
The sealing band is guided between the piston seals and passed under the slide. A second metallic cover srtip, covers the slot from the outside to prevent the ingress of dirt.

17. Vane type rotary actuators
A rotating vane connected to a shaft divides cylindrical chamber in to two compartments. Compressed air is alternately admitted and exhausted from the chambers. The compressed air pressure acting on the vane surface results in a torque. Hence rotary motion is obtained.
The magitude of the torque produced, depends on the surface area of the vane, air pressure and mean radius of the vane.
Rotary actuators
A rotating vane connected to a shaft divides cylindrical chamber in to two compartments. Compressed air is alternately admitted and exhausted from the chambers. The compressed air pressure acting on the vane surface results in a torque. Hence rotary motion is obtained.
The magitude of the torque produced, depends on the surface area of the vane, air pressure and mean radius of the vane.

18. Direct Control of a double acting cylinder
The only difference between a single acting cylinder and a double acting cylinder is that a double acting cylinder often uses a 5/2 directional control valve instead of a 3/2 directional control valve.
The double acting cylinder can be reversed either by a 4/2 directional or 5/2 directional control valve.
Direct Control of a double acting cylinder
The only difference between a single acting cylinder and a double acting cylinder is that a double acting cylinder uses a 5/2 directional control valve instead of a 3/2 directional control valve.
The double acting cylinder can be reversed either by a 4/2 directional or 5/2 directional control valve.
In the normal position of the 5/2 directional valve, P is connected with B and A with R. By operating the pushbutton the valve reverses. P is connected with A and B with S. The piston of the cylinder travels from the rear to the front end position.
Push
In the normal position of the 5/2 directional valve, „1” is connected with „2” and „4” with „5”. By operating the pushbutton the valve reverses. „1” is connected with „4” and „2” with „3”. The piston of the cylinder travels from the rear to the front end position.

19. Direct Control of a double acting cylinder
In the normal position of the 4/2 directional valve, „1” connected with „2” and „4” is connected with „3”. By operating the pushbotton, the valve reverses. „1” is connected with „4” and „2” with „3”. The cylinder piston travels from the rear to the front end position.
Direct Control of a double acting cylinder
In the normal position of the 4/2 directional valve, „1” connected with „2” and „4” is connected with „3”. By operating the pushbotton, the valve reverses. „1” is connected with „4” and „2” with „3”. The cylinder piston travels from the rear to the front end position.
Push

20. Memory function
Memory is a common basic function. It can keep a component at a certain state permanently until there is a change of signals. The drawn shows a memory function circuit. When control valve (1) is operated momentarily (that is, pressed for a short time), the output signal of the 5/2 directional control valve (3) will be set to ON.
The signal will stay that way until control valve (2) is operated momentarily and generates another signal to replace it, causing it to stay permanently at OFF.
Memory function
Memory is a common basic function. It can keep a component at a certain state permanently until there is a change of signals. The drawn shows a memory function circuit. When control valve 1.1 is operated momentarily (that is, pressed for a short time), the output signal of the 5/2 directional control valve 1.3 will be set to ON. The signal will stay that way until control valve 1.2 is operated momentarily and generates another signal to replace it, causing it to stay permanently at OFF.

21. Indirect control of a double acting cylinder
A double acting cylinder is to be controlled by two valves (1.2 and 1.3) such that the piston travels out when valve 1.2 is operated, and also remain stationary in the forward end position when valve 1.2 is released until the reverse signal is input through valve 1.3 for the return movement.
I. step
II. step
III. step
Indirect control of a double acting cylinder
A double acting cylinder is to be controlled by two valves (1.2 and 1.3) such that the piston travels out when valve 1.2 is operated, and also remain stationary in the forward end position when valve 1.2 is released until the reverse signal is input through valve 1.3 for the return movement.
PUSH
PUSH

22. Indirect control of a double acting cylinder
A double acting cylinder is to be controlled by 5/2 directional control valve.
The 5/2 double pilot valve is bi-stable therefore the push button valves only need to be pulsed.
I. step
II. step
III. step
Indirect control of a double acting cylinder
A double acting cylinder is to be controlled by 5/2 directional control valve.
The 5/2 double pilot valve is bi-stable therefore the push button valves only need to be pulsed.
PUSH
PUSH

23. Automatic return of a double acting cylinder
The following methods are commonly used to interrogate the end positions of piston in the cylinder:
Mechanically operated limit switches (roller lever or idle return roller type)
Reed sensor, either with electrical or pneumatic out put (the piston is incorporated with ring magnet)
Electrical proximity switches
Pneumatic signal switches
Automatic return of a double acting cylinder
The following methods are commonly used to interrogate the end positions of piston in the cylinder:
Mechanically operated limit switches (roller lever or idle return roller type)
Reed sensor, either with electrical or pneumatic out put (the piston is incorporated with ring magnet)
Electrical proximity switches
Pneumatic signal switches

24. 3/2 way roller lever valve
As a signaling element the directional control valve is operated for example, by a roller lever to detect the piston rod position of a cylinder.
Reduced actuation force through pilot control
Conversion from normally closed position to normally open position by exchanging ports 1 and 3 and repositioning the upper part of the housing by 180 ̊.
3/2 way roller lever valve
As a signaling element the directional control valve is operated for example, by a roller lever to detect the piston rod position of a cylinder.
Reduced actuation force through pilot control
Conversion from normally closed position to normally open position by exchanging ports 1 and 3 and repositioning the upper part of the housing by 180 ̊.

25. Semi-automatic control
Manual remote start of a double acting cylinder with automatic return
Cylinder identified as “C1”
Trip valve operated at the completion of the plus stroke identified as “S11” C1
I. step
II. step C1 C1
III. step
Semi-automatic control
Manual remote start of a double acting cylinder with automatic return
Cylinder identified as “C1”
Trip valve operated at the completion of the plus stroke identified as “S11”
After reaching the forward end position, the piston of a double acting cylinder is to return by itself, provided the valve (pushbutton) which initiates the advance movement is no longer actuated.
Manual push
Mechanic push

26. Fully-automatic control
Continuous automatic cycling from roller operated trip valves.
Manual run and end of the automatic cycling.
Cylinder will come to rest in the instroked position regardless of when the valve is put to end.
Tags for the roller feedback valves S10 and S11 show their relative positions.
I. step
II. step
III. step
Fully-automatic control
Continuous automatic cycling from roller operated trip valves.
Manual run and end of the automatic cycling.
Cylinder will come to rest in the instroked position regardless of when the valve is put to end.
Tags for the roller feedback valves S10 and S11 show their relative positions.
Mechanic push
Mechanic push
Manual push

27. Thank you for your attention!
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Thank you for your attention!