1. Light

2. What causes light?
Objects that give off their own light are called luminous.
They are light sources.
The sun is luminous. The moon is not.
ALL light energy is produced when electrons change energy levels within an atom.
When an electron absorbs extra energy, it jumps to a higher energy level.
When it drops back to a lower energy level, a packet of light energy is given off.
A packet of light energy is called a photon.
photon

3. Models of Light - Wave or Particle?
Evidence: Light is a wave.
Light has interference patterns and particles do not.
Light behaves like a transverse wave when it is diffracted. Particles cannot be diffracted.
Light waves can be polarized—(made to vibrate in only one direction). Particles cannot be polarized.
Evidence: Light is a particle.
Blue light produces electricity, but no amount of red light can.
If light were waves, then a whole lot of red light should produce electricity. The photoelectric effect proves that light is a particle.
Changing light intensity (brightness) is best explained if light is a particle, not a wave.
photon
Einstein’s conclusion: Light is both a wave and a particle!

4. Speed of Light
In 1926, Albert Michelson first measured the speed of light accurately.
The speed of light changes, depending on the medium that the light is traveling through.
Light travels fastest through empty space--at a speed of about 300,000,000 m/sec !
Light travels through air almost as fast as through empty space, but it travels more slowly through liquids, and even slower still through solids.
It takes light 8.3 minutes to get from the Sun to the Earth.
* A light-year is not a measure of time. It measures the distance that light travels through space in one year.

5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum - 1
Light always has both an electric field and a magnetic field traveling with it. This is why light is called electromagnetic radiation.
Light waves are also called electromagnetic waves.
They are different than other energy waves, because they do not need a medium.
All electromagnetic waves are not the same.
They can have different wavelengths, different frequencies, and carry different amounts of energy.
When all light waves are arranged in order according to their wavelength and frequency, we call this arrangement the electromagnetic spectrum.
Long wavelength, low frequency Short wavelength, high frequency
low energy photons high energy photons
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio Waves Microwaves Visible Spectrum Ultraviolet Gamma Rays
Television Infrared X-Rays

6. The Electromagnetic Spectrum - 2
The invisible spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we cannot see.
Radio Waves - have the longest wavelengths.
Microwaves - High energy radio waves are called microwaves.
Infrared Waves - have wavelengths slightly longer than visible red light. This type of radiation makes molecules move faster, causing heat!
Ultraviolet Waves - the main source of UV radiation is the sun. UV light kills bacteria, makes your body produce vitamin D, and causes skin cancer and sunburn.
X-Rays - high energy light that can travel through body cells.
Gamma Rays - highest energy light waves are used in radiation treatments for cancer.
The visible spectrum is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
The longest wavelength of visible light is 750 nanometers,and is red light. A nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter.
The shortest wavelength of visible light is 430 nanometers and is violet light.
The colors of the visible spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelength are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. (ROY G. BIV)

7. Interactions of Light: 1
When light hits an object, the light can behave in several ways: It can be reflected, or absorbed, or pass through the object.
Objects that are black absorb all of the light that hits them.
Objects that are white reflect all of the light that hits them.
A red object absorbs all other colors and reflects back only red.
Objects that let
almost all of the
light pass through
are called
transparent.
Objects that let
some light pass
through but
scatter it, are
called translucent.
Objects that don’t let any light pass through are called opaque.

8. Interactions of Light: 2
Light waves interact with the surface of an object or with a medium just like other waves do.
Light waves can be reflected, diffracted, refracted, or experience constructive or destructive interference.
Light is reflected by a mirror.
Light is refracted when it changes from one medium to another.
Constructive interference makes a
light brighter, but destructive
interference makes darkness.
Interference produces bands of
light and dark.

9. Color
All animals do not see in color. Dogs, cats, cattle and horses cannot see colors, but apes, humans and birds can.
Human eyes have two kinds of receptor cells in the retina: rods which see objects even in dim light but in black and white, and cones which see colors.
The three primary colors of light are red, green, and blue. When all of these are mixed together, they make white light.
Paint is different from light. It is made of pigment. The three colors of pigment are magenta, yellow, and cyan. When these are mixed together, they make black pigment.

10. Light Sources
Objects that produce their own light are called luminous.
Light bulbs are luminous. Some common kinds of light bulbs are neon, fluorescent, incandescent, tungsten-halogen, and sodium-vapor lights.
Objects that reflect light that comes
from another source are called
illuminated.
Even some living things can be luminous--lightning bugs are an example of this process of bioluminescence.

11. Vision - Parts of the Eye
Iris and Pupil: The iris adjusts the size of the pupil to control how much light enters your eye.
Cornea and Lens: The transparent cornea lets light into your eye. The lens changes shape to focus the light rays on your retina.
Retina: The retina is like a movie screen. Light forms an image on the retina. The rod and cone cells are stimulated by the image.
Optic Nerve: Nerve fibers connected to the rods and cones join together to form the optic nerve, which carries nerve signals from your eyes to your brain.
Sclera
Cornea
Retina
Optic nerve
Pupil
Lens
Iris
Lens Muscles

12. Reflection and Mirrors
A reflection happens any time light bounces off of an object.
Anything you can see reflects light to your eye.
A mirror is a flat or a curved piece of glass that has been painted on the back to give the maximum reflection. Images in a mirror are reversed from left to right.
Mirrors are either plane, convex, or concave.
A plane mirror makes an image that seems to be behind the mirror. It is also the same size as the object being reflected. This is a virtual image, which can only be seen in a mirror.
A concave mirror makes a real image, but the distance between the object and the mirror determines the kind of image reflected.
A convex mirror forms a virtual image that is larger than the object reflected. The image is always upright.
Object Plane Mirror Image
Convex mirror
Concave mirror

13. Refraction and Lenses
Refraction is the bending of light rays. Light usually travels in straight lines and at a constant speed unless it changes from one medium to another.
A lens is a transparent material that refracts light. Lenses usually have one or more curved surfaces. There are two kinds of lenses: convex and concave.
A concave lens is thin in the middle and thick around the edges. Concave lenses form images that are upright and smaller that the real object.
A convex lens is thin at the edges and thick in the center. The image it forms depends on how far the object is from the lens. A convex lens is used in a microscope or a camera. The lens in your eye is convex.
Convex lens
Object
Image
Object
Image
Concave lens