1. CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE The Muslim Empires World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

2. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders II. The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

3. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal Empires

4. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Ottomans: Ottomans: Frontier Warriors  Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks – allows Ottomans to emerge dominant Frontier Warriors  Empire Builders Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks – allows Ottomans to emerge dominant Ottoman expansion-Balkans 14 th -15 th C Ottoman expansion-Balkans 14 th -15 th C 1453 - conquer Constantinople 1453 - conquer Constantinople dominate Mediterranean dominate Mediterranean Military dominance Military dominance Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility Janissary infantry Janissary infantry Conscripted youth from conquered peoples Conscripted youth from conquered peoples converted/educated converted/educated become powerful force in empire become powerful force in empire Sultans & their Court Sultans & their Court Vizier – powerful - oversee large bureaucracy Vizier – powerful - oversee large bureaucracy Sultan Succession - No clear rules Sultan Succession - No clear rules Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

5. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Constantinople Restored Sultan Suleymaniye mosque - 16th century Constantinople Restored Sultan Suleymaniye mosque - 16th century Commercial center Commercial center Government control of trade, crafts Government control of trade, crafts Artisan guilds Artisan guilds Turkish language prevails Turkish language prevails Ottoman Decline – long term Ottoman Decline – long term Strong until late 1600s Strong until late 1600s Infrastructure insufficient Infrastructure insufficient Dependent on conquest Dependent on conquest End of conquest = deficiencies End of conquest = deficiencies Regional leaders divert revenue Regional leaders divert revenue Sultans less dynamic Sultans less dynamic Reasons for decline of Ottoman Empire Ottoman Sultan Selim II receives the Safavid ambassador in 1567 Vizier

6. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Sultan Suleymaniye’s mosque - Istanbul Court Harem

7. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat Janissaries Janissaries Conservative Conservative Stop military, technological reform Stop military, technological reform Lepanto, 1571 Lepanto, 1571 Defeated by Spain & Venice Defeated by Spain & Venice Effect - Turks lose control of E. Mediterranean Effect - Turks lose control of E. Mediterranean Portuguese outflank Middle East trade Portuguese outflank Middle East trade Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean Victories over Muslim navies Victories over Muslim navies Inflation - Caused by New World bullion & lost revenue from control of trade Inflation - Caused by New World bullion & lost revenue from control of trade

8. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Safavid Empire

9. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Shi ’ a Challenge & control Safavids The Shi ’ a Challenge & control Safavids Safavid family Safavid family Sufi preachers, mystics Sufi preachers, mystics Sail al-Din - leads revival Sail al-Din - leads revival 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz - named shah 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz - named shah 1514 -Chaldiran - Safavids defeated by Ottomans 1514 -Chaldiran - Safavids defeated by Ottomans Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs Abbas I (1587- ­ 1629) Abbas I (1587- ­ 1629) Persians as bureaucrats Persians as bureaucrats

10. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 State and Religion State and Religion Adopt Persian after Chaldiran Adopt Persian after Chaldiran Adopt Persian court traditions Adopt Persian court traditions Shi'ism modified - spreads to entire empire Shi'ism modified - spreads to entire empire Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor Elite Affluence and Artistic Splendor Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture Building projects - mosques in Isfahan Building projects - mosques in Isfahan

11. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Mosque in Isfahan

12. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons Warrior aristocracies - win rural estates after conquest Warrior aristocracies - win rural estates after conquest Central power difficult to establish Central power difficult to establish Imperial artisan workshops supported Imperial artisan workshops supported International trade encouraged International trade encouraged Women lose freedom – elite women strictly controlled Women lose freedom – elite women strictly controlled Subordinate to fathers/husbands Subordinate to fathers/husbands Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire Abbas I - removes heirs; weak grandson inherits – leads to decline Abbas I - removes heirs; weak grandson inherits – leads to decline Internecine conflict, outside threats Internecine conflict, outside threats 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis 1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis Nadir Khan Afshar, shah-1736  Nadir Khan Afshar, shah-1736  Similarities between Ottoman & Safavid Reasons for decline of Safavid Empire

13. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007

14. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Mughals - Apex of Muslim Civilization in India Babur Babur driven from Afghanistan driven from Afghanistan invaded India in 1526 invaded India in 1526 Turkic invaders Turkic invaders 1. Panipat – 1526 - defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty 1. Panipat – 1526 - defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty 2. Khanua – 1527 - defeats Hindu confederation 2. Khanua – 1527 - defeats Hindu confederation Succeeded by Humayn; flees to Persia Succeeded by Humayn; flees to Persia Mughal rule restored by Humayn circa 1556 Mughal rule restored by Humayn circa 1556 Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire Akbar and the Basis for a Lasting Empire Akbar - Humayun's 13-year-old son Akbar - Humayun's 13-year-old son Reconciliation with Hindus Reconciliation with Hindus Din-i-Ilahi - blend of Islam & Hinduism Din-i-Ilahi - blend of Islam & Hinduism Purpose - toleration – end to civil conflict between Hindus & Muslims & Sikhs Purpose - toleration – end to civil conflict between Hindus & Muslims & Sikhs The Growth of the Mughal Empire from Akbar to Aurangzeb

15. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Women Women Position improved Position improved Widows encouraged to remarry Widows encouraged to remarry Child marriages discouraged Child marriages discouraged Sati prohibited Sati prohibited Seclusion undermined by women's market days Seclusion undermined by women's market days Early European Contacts Early European Contacts Death of Akbar - reforms don't survive Death of Akbar - reforms don't survive Cotton textiles to Europe increase Cotton textiles to Europe increase Especially among laboring and middle classes Especially among laboring and middle classes Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Jahangir and Shah Jahan - 17th century Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era Jahangir and Shah Jahan - 17th century Continue toleration Continue toleration Less energetic for running their empire Less energetic for running their empire Support arts - Taj Mahal Support arts - Taj Mahal Guru Amar Das & King Akbar Taj Mahal

16. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Court Politics / Position of Elite & Ordinary Women Court Politics / Position of Elite & Ordinary Women Nur Jahan Nur Jahan Wife of Jahangir - head of powerful faction Wife of Jahangir - head of powerful faction brother – Grand Vizier brother – Grand Vizier Mumtaz Mahal – powerful wife of Shah Jahan Mumtaz Mahal – powerful wife of Shah Jahan Ordinary women - position declines Ordinary women - position declines Sati spreads among upper classes Sati spreads among upper classes Other of Akbar's reforms die out Other of Akbar's reforms die out The Beginnings of Imperial Decline The Beginnings of Imperial Decline Aurangzeb - succeeds Shah Jahan Aurangzeb - succeeds Shah Jahan Rule all India Rule all India Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint 1707 - controls most of India 1707 - controls most of India Expensive empire to run Expensive empire to run Revolt - Central power diminishes - Autonomy of local leaders increases Revolt - Central power diminishes - Autonomy of local leaders increases Hindus exluded from high office Hindus exluded from high office Non-Muslims taxed Non-Muslims taxed Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule Nur Jahan Reasons for decline of Mughal Empire

17. Chapter 21: The Muslim Empires Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Chart for 3 Muslim Empires  Political development  Economic activities  Social & Cultural changes (religion & treatment of women)