1. School Diversity and Differentiated Schooling: The Progressive Era
Chapter Four
School Diversity and Differentiated Schooling: The Progressive Era
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

2. Political Economy of Progressive Era
Urbanization
Immigration
Open vs. restricted immigration
Industrialization
Artisans to monopoly capitalists
Taylorization
The effect on women’s work
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

3. Worker Responses Trade unionism Populism Socialism
Violence, strikes widespread
Populism
Traditions of agrarian democracy
Socialism
Urban, political, additional focus on race and class equality
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

4. Government Responses to Unrest
Progressivism
Stabilized economy while reinforcing unequal power relations between workers and business/government
Progressive urban reform
Propelled by middle and upper class
Centralization of power and expertise
Increased reliance on “experts” and privileged citizens
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

5. New Liberal Ideology Natural law Reason Virtue
From scientific truth (Newton et al.) to relative truth (Darwin)
Reason
From human reason to scientific rationality
Virtue
From religious truths to conditionally determined good
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

6. New Liberal Ideology Progress Nationalism Freedom
Natural law and reason give way to scientific planning and management
Nationalism
From individualism to group identity
Freedom
From “negative” to “positive”
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

7. “New” Psychology Faculty psychology is rejected
Psychoanalytic approach (Freud)
Primitivist psychology (Hall)
Social psychology (Mead)
Connectionism (Thorndike)
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

8. Two Strands of Progressive Education
Varied, child-centered curriculum
Developmental democracy model
Social efficiency model
Learning through activity
Schooling as response to social problems
School a reflection of social realities
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

9. Developmental Democracy Model
John Dewey
Education is only successful when people participate in democratic forms of life
Schools as “laboratories for democracy”
Avoidance of vocational education
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

10. Social Efficiency Model
Charles W. Eliot
Goals of
Social stability
Employable skills
Equal educational opportunity
Meritocracy
Use of mass IQ testing
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

11. Concluding Remarks
Progressive Era marks shift from classical laissez-faire liberalism to reliance on government and scientific expertise to solve social and economic problems
Schools as the setting for a social-efficiency approach to education
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

12. Developing Your Professional Vocabulary
American socialism
artisan craftsmanship
developmental democracy
John Dewey
Charles Eliot
eugenics
monopoly capitalism
new immigration
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e

13. Developing Your Professional Vocabulary
“new psychology”
The Origin of Species
populism
progressive educational reformers
social efficiency
Taylorization
(c) 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Tozer/Senese/Violas, School and Society, 5e