1. Telecommunications (extra notes to go with Ch.6) 2013 IBE250

2. Visualization from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet http://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons /thumb/d/d2/Internet_ map_1024.jpg/300px- Internet_map_1024.jpg http://upload.wikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons /thumb/d/d2/Internet_ map_1024.jpg/300px- Internet_map_1024.jpg

3. Infrastructure change Circuit switching versus Packet switching

4. FTTH stats

5. Year Organiza tion Effective speed WDM channels Per channel speed Distance 2009 Alcatel- Lucent [7] 15 Tbit/s155 100 Gbit/s 90 km 2011KIT [8] 26 Tbit/s1 50 km 2010NTT [9] 69.1 Tbit/s 432 171 Gbit/s 240 km 2011NEC [10] 101 Tbit/s 370 273 Gbit/s 165 km 2012 NECNEC, Corning [ 11] Corning [ 11] 1.05 Petabit/s 12 core fiber 52.4 km Fiber Optics - Record speeds Each fiber can carry many independent channels, each using a different wavelength of light (wavelength-division multiplexing).wavelength-division multiplexing While the physical limitations of electrical cable prevent speeds in excess of 10 Gigabits per second, the physical limitations of fiber optics have not yet been reached. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication )http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication

6. Radio spectrum http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/policy/ecomm/radio_spectrum/_document_storage/studies/shared_use_2012/scf_stu dy_shared_spectrum_access_20120210.pdf Interesting pages: 45, 51, 79, 107 “Shared spectrum access” includes all situations in which two or more users or wireless applications are authorized to utilize the same span of frequencies on a non- exclusive basis in a defined sharing arrangement. (Ref. Forge, et al, p.7) Wireless Broadband Alliance predicts, and streaming video continues to expand its presence in licence-exempt bands, many more parts of Europe will experience congestion in the bands for shared access. Thus there will be a need for more shared access spectrum. We consider an additional 300-400 MHz should be made available, including at least 100 MHz in new licence-exempt bands. (Ref. Forge, et al, p.9)

7. Cisco's VNI Forecast Projects the Internet Will Be Four Times as Large in Four Years - Annual Cisco VNI Forecast Expects Worldwide Devices & Connections to Grow to Almost 19 Billion― Nearly Doubling From 2011 to 2016 (http://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release- content?articleId=888280 )http://newsroom.cisco.com/press-release- content?articleId=888280

8. Forge, et al, p. 76

9. Significant traffic growth is due to: An increasing number of devices: The proliferation of tablets, mobile phones, and other smart devices as well as machine-to-machine (M2M) connections are driving up the demand for connectivity. By 2016, the forecast projects there will be nearly 18.9 billion network connections―almost 2.5 connections for each person on earth, ― compared with 10.3 billion in 2011 More Internet users: By 2016, there are expected to be 3.4 billion Internet users ― about 45 percent of the world's projected population according to United Nations estimates. Faster broadband speeds: The average fixed broadband speed is expected to increase nearly fourfold, from 9 megabits per second (Mbps) in 2011 to 34 Mbps in 2016. More video: By 2016, 1.2 million video minutes―the equivalent of 833 days (or over two years) ―would travel the Internet every second. Wi-Fi growth: By 2016, over half of the world's Internet traffic is expected to come from Wi-Fi connections.

10. Forge, et al, p. 77

11. By 2016, annual global IP traffic is forecast to be 1.3 zettabytes

12.  Forge, et al, p. 45 We are used to thinking of the radio spectrum as a linear span of frequencies. But the spectrum has other dimensions as well, making it possible to share frequencies geographically, temporally, through the use of economic mechanisms, code modulation, polarization, directionality, etc. (Forge, et al, p. 29)

13. Policy: Europe wants operators to share their spectrum Wireless spectrum is running out, and those who own it must play nicely with others who want it. At least, that’s according to the European Commission, which is hoping to avoid a spectrum crunch. The bloc’s digital agenda commissioner on Monday published a number of ideas under which existing license holders would have to share some of their spectrum… http://gigaom.com/2012/09/03/europe-wants-operators-to-share-their-spectrum/

14. Visual Networking Index VNI hub http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html# VNI Mobile Forecast Highlights, 2012- 2017 (highlight tool) http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni_mobile_forecast_highlight/index.html VNI Mobile Forecast Video http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html# (start at 2:00) http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html# VNI Forecast widget http://ciscovni.com/vni_forecast/wizard.html http://ciscovni.com/index.html

15. Cisco Global Internet Speed Test (GIST) – most recent test

16. http://webscience.org/web-observatory/about/tracking-explosive-growth/