1. Chapter 1: Accounting and Islamic Worldview
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته
ISLAMIC ACCOUNTING
Chapter 1: Accounting and Islamic Worldview

2. Introduction
“The traditional Western double-entry based accounting technology is well-suited to an orthodox, positivist society of any kind. It is not surprising that it is proving inadequate, as people are returning to more integrated world views, whether Islamic or otherwise” (Hayashi, 1989)

3. Objective Outline the nature of accounting and its environment
Fundamental principles of Islamic worldview – the development of accounting theory
Interaction between Islamic worldview and accounting

4. Accounting And Its Environment
Definition
Role
Types
Governance – FRS/IAS/Bank Negara
Equation

5. Critics on Conventional Accounting
Externalities is not included in financial report (Lee Parker, environmental accounting)
Intangible asset cannot be measured adequately(Lev Baruch)
Human resources and employee reporting interest are not included.
Social Interest is overlooked
Promote the exploitation of capitalist over labor and society.
Promote the concentration of wealth and power of the hand of the rich.

6. 2. Islamic Worldview And Accounting

7. What is Islam? Literally meaning:
“Peace” (in this world and hereafter)
“obedience” to Allah as his/her God, comply with the motivation of God’s creation of Man, which is “to serve Allah”, to be “his viceregent on earth”.
A comprehensive worldview, a unity of Allah, and an integration between world and hereafter.
Islamic principles: truth, justice, fair, goodwill, honesty, benevolent, accountability before the God.

8. Islamic Rules: Allah (God) gives two guidance for mankind:
al-Quran (revealed word of Allah ) and
Hadist/Sunnah: Prophet Saying, Allah’s inspired acts, description of the conduct of the prophet’s companion of which Mohammad was uncritical.
Ijtihad/ijma’: shuratic and consensus process.
Guidance are related to all daily life of mankind including in business, management, and finance.
The phenomena of nature can be also a sign of Allah’s power and existence.

9. The purpose of shariah (Islamic law) (Al-Gazali: 1058-1111)
To promote the welfare of the people which lies on:
Safeguarding of their faith
Their life
Their intellect
Their posterity and
Their Wealth

10. Islamic concepts Falah - to achive Allah’s pleasure
Tawhid – unity of God
Khilafah (vicegerent) – man as trustee on the earth
Taklif – accountibility

11. Ancient Accounting Role in Islamic State is Muhasabah, it means:
Calculation of one’s act
Clear the account, make neutral
To take care of, to try to find
To anticipate a reward in the hereafter
To take into account, into consideration
To order Muslim to perform their duties
To avoid fraudulent practices in business and society, to check illegal contract, keep free market and fair price, prevent necessities from being hoarded. (Hayashi, 1989)

12. Examples of Unlawful Business Practices in Islam:
There is lawful (halal) and unlawful (haram) in business
Riba, usury or interest on credit: increment over and above the amount of of capital loaned.
Favor Equity financing than debt financing
Pork, Alcoholic drinks
Speculative transaction, gambling, dishonesty, collusion, uncertainty, manipulation, fraud, free market interference, exploitation, hoarding.

13. 3. Accounting Objectives : An Islamic Perspectives

14. Accounting objective
Conventional accounting concentrates on identifying economic events and transactions
Islamic accounting must identify socio-economic and religious events, and transactions
Fulfill the ultimate accountability to Allah
Ensure fair and just financial transaction between human beings

15. Accounting In Al Quran : Debt Contract And Accounting

16. Accounting In Al Quran : Debt Contract And Accounting
“ O ye who believe! When ye deal with each other, in transactions involving future obligations in a fixed period of time, reduce them to writing let a scribe write down faithfully as between the parties; let not the scribe refuse to write: as Allah has taught him, so let him write. Let him who incurs the liability dictate, but let him fear his Lord Allah, and not diminish aught of what he owes. If the party liable is mentally deficient, or weak or unable himself to dictate, let his guardian dictate faithfully. And get two witnesses, out of your own men, and if there are not two men, then a man and two women, such as ye choose, for witnesses, so that if one of them errs, the other can remind her. The witnesses should not refuse when they are called on (for evidence). Disdain not to reduce to writing (your contract) for a future period, whether it be small or big: it is juster in the sight of Allah, more suitable as evidence, and more convenient to prevent doubts among yourselves but if it be a transaction which ye carry out on the spot among yourselves there is no blame on you if ye reduce it not to writing. But take witnesses whenever ye make a commercial contract; and let neither scribe nor witness suffer harm. If ye do (such harm), it would be wickedness in you. So fear Allah; for it is Allah that teaches you. And Allah is well acquainted with all things.”
(Surah Al-Baqarah:282)

17. AAOIFI Standards Objectives
To develop accounting standards for Islamic financial institutions as harmonization of accounting practices
To facilitates the needs of the users of accounting information of Islamic financial institutions

18. Objectives developed by AAOIFI
Accounting for Islamic Financial institutions
Financial Accounting
Financial accounting and financial reports of Islamic Banks

19. CONCLUSION

20. ISLAMIC ACCOUNTING can be defined as the “accounting process” which provides appropriate information (not necessarily limited to financial data) to stakeholders of an entity which will enable them to ensure that the entity is continuously operating within the bounds of the Islamic Shari’ah and delivering on its socioeconomic objectives.
Islamic accounting is also a tool, which enables Muslims to evaluate their own accountabilities to God (in respect of inter-human/environmental transactions

21. Islamic Accounting 1. To report accurate income determination
2. To promote efficiency and leadership
3. To comply with the shariah (Islamic principles)
4. Commitment to justice
5. To report a good things
6. To adapt to positive social change. (Khan, in Harahap, 1992)

22. Conventional Vs Islamic Accounting
Conventional Accounting:
Based upon modern commercial law-permissive rather than ethical
Limited disclosure (provision of information subject to public interest)
 Personal accountability (focus on individuals who control resources)
Islamic Accounting:
Based upon ethical law originating in the Qur’an (Islamic law, As-Sunnah)
 Full disclosure (to satisfy any reasonable demand for information in accordance with the Shari’a)
  Public accountability (focus on the community who participate in exploiting resources)

23. Conventional vs Islamic Accounting: (Boudyn and Willet, Islamic Corporate Reports, Abacus, Vol. 36, No.1, 2000).
Conventional Acc.
Economic rationalism
 Secular
 Individualistic
Profit maximization
Survival of fittest
Process
Absolute ownership
(Ec. rationalism: the desire to stand apart from others, to compete, to manipulate and to amass surplus”)
Islamic Acct.
Unity of God
Religious
Communal
Reasonable profit
Equity
Environment
Relative ownership

24. Toshikazu Hayashi, “On Islamic Accounting, IMES Working Paper Series No.18.
Society – oriented
 Focus on society aspect
Basically Al Qur’an & As Sunnah (Shariah)
Religious (must responsibility to God at the Judgment Day)
Conventional Accounting
Individuality – oriented
 Focus on individuality aspect without consider any social aspects
 Accounting Law and Ethics
 Secular

25. Hayashi (Continued) Islamic Accounting
No differentiation between Normative and Descriptive Accounting (They always going simultaneously)
 In operational, they do everything in boundaries of Islam (Shariah)
Measure as saleable value
Market (selling) price rather than historical cost
Conventional Accounting
The normative accounting always influencing descriptive accounting or individuality interest
In operational, they permit everything to reach the highest profit
Measure as highest possible profit
Historical Cost

26. Problems of Rationalism
The supreme power lies on human or power holder not on God
Man guided by the concept of self interest and overlook the social interest
Man has no inherent justice but true opportunists.
Social imbalance and social conflicts due to concentration of wealth and power in a few elites
Global ecological destruction

27. Next week’s class discussion:
Please prepare answers for questions in text book page 21;
Q1.1
Q1.3
Q1.4

28. Many thanks for your attention
WASSALAM