1. ROOT WORDS Digestive and Urinary Systems Heather Wipijewski CVT ALAT This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded under the President’s Community-Based Job Training Grants as implemented by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The solution was created by the grantee and does not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.

2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Also known as “alimentary”, “gastrointestinal” and “GI” system. Also known as “alimentary”, “gastrointestinal” and “GI” system. Structures Structures  Oral cavity  Pharynx  Esophagus  Stomach  Small and large intestines  Liver, gallbladder and pancreas are organs associated with digestive system.

3. Picture from http://www.seefido.com/html/dog_s_digestive_system.htm 1.Esophagus11. Ileum 2.Cardiac spinchter12. Sm. Intest. 3.Stomach 13. Colon 4.Spleen 14. Rectum 5.Pylorus15. Anus 6.Liver 7.Gallbladder 8.Pancreas 9.Duodenum 10.Large Intestine

4. Mouth – or/o & stomat/o Mouth – or/o & stomat/o Lips – labi/o & cheil/o Lips – labi/o & cheil/o Cheek – bucc/o Cheek – bucc/o Tongue – Lingu/o Tongue – Lingu/o Teeth – dent/o, dent/I and odont/o Teeth – dent/o, dent/I and odont/o –Deciduous – Baby teeth –Incisor – Front teeth used for cutting –Canine – Long pointed “fang” teeth – puncturing –Premolar – Cheek teeth – grinding – Molars- Teeth in the very back – grinding  Canine dental formula :  2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3) Gums- gingiv/o Gums- gingiv/o

5. Pharynx (throat) - pharyng/o Pharynx (throat) - pharyng/o Esophagus – esophag/o Esophagus – esophag/o Stomach – gastr/o Stomach – gastr/o  Monogastric – one stomach (dog, cat, horse)  Ruminant – 4 stomachs (cattle, goats, sheep) http://www.admani.com/alliancebeef/images/Rumen%2 0Diagram.jpg Rumen – Largest compartment of the ruminant stomach – serves as a fermentation vat. Reticulum – Most cranial compartment of ruminant stomach Omasum – 3 rd compartment of the ruminant stomach. Grinds food before it enters the abomasum – also squeezes fluid out of the food bolus. Abomasum – 4 th compartment – “true stomach” – secretes digestive enzymes.

6. Small Intestine – enter/o Small Intestine – enter/o  Duodenum – 1 st portion of the small intestine.  Jejunum – Middle portion of small intestine.  Ileum – Last portion of small intestine.

7. Large Intestines – col/o Large Intestines – col/o –Consists of cecum, colon, rectum and anus. –Cecum – cec/o - fermentation of food – also known as “hind gut fermenters” (non-ruminant herbivores such as rabbit and horse) http://www.admani.com/AllianceEquin e/images/DigestiveTract.jpg

8. Accessory Organs Digestive System Liver – hepat/o Liver – hepat/o  Removes excess glucose from bloodstream and stores it as glycogen. When the blood sugar is low, the liver converts glycogen back into glucose.  Destroys old erythrocytes (red blood cells), removes toxins from blood, produces some blood proteins and stores iron, vitamins A, B12, and D.  Produces bile – digestive function. Aides in fat digestion.

9. Gallbladder – cholecyst/o Gallbladder – cholecyst/o  Sac embedded in the liver  Stores bile for later use.  Rat and horse do not have a gallbladder. Pancreas – pancreat/o Pancreas – pancreat/o  Located near dranial portion of duiodenum  Exocrine and endocrine functions  Exocrine – Production of digestive enzymes (tripsin, lipase and amylase)  Endocrine – Production of insulin and other hormones.

10. URINARY SYSTEM

11. Kidney – ren/o or nephr/o Kidney – ren/o or nephr/o  One kidney sits on each side of the vertebral column below the diaphram.  Ren/o is used as an adjective – such as renal pelvis or renal disease. Nephr/o is used to describe pathological conditions and surgical procedures – nephritis and nephrectomy.  Blood flows into each kidney via the renal vein. Filtration of waste products by the kidney depends on the blood flow, therefore, blood pressure can affect the rate at which filtration takes place.  Nephron – functional unit of the kidney

12. Ureters – ureter/o Ureters – ureter/o  Pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder. Urinary Bladder – cyst/o Urinary Bladder – cyst/o  Hollow muscular organ that holds urine.  Very elastic Urethra – urethr/o Urethra – urethr/o  Tube extending from urinary bladder to outside of the body.  Females – function of urethra is to transport urine to outside of body.  Males – functin of the urethra is to transport urine to outside of body and reproductive fluids from the reproductive organs out of the body.

13. Urine Urine  End product of renal filtration  Collection methods  Free Catch – Catch during mid-stream. Urine passes outside of body – therefore is not considered a “clean” sample. May also collect from tabletops, floors, etc.  Cathether – Mostly done in males – hard to do in females since opening of vagina is there also. Collecting from bladder, however can cause irritation in urethra from catheter hitting up against the sides, which can cause blood and an increase in cell numbers (Cathetherization vs. tumor?)  Cystocentesis – Withdrawl of urine directly from the bladder using needle and syringe. Cleanest method for collecting urine. Minimal irritation (blood)