1. Experimental Psychology PSY 433 Ch. 8, pg 207-209 Reaction Time as a Dependent Variable

2. Some Terminology Dependent variable (DV) – the variable measured and recorded by the experimenter. Independent variable (IV) – the variable manipulated by the experimenter. In an experiment, changing the IV should produce a corresponding change in the DV, demonstrating a causal relationship. Studies can have multiple DV’s (called multivariate) or multiple IV’s (called factorial).

3. Donders Tasks S1  R1Donders A S1  R1Donders B S2  R2 S1  R1Donders C S2

4. Measuring RT – Donders A The two most common DVs in experimental psychology are percent correct and reaction time (RT). There are several types of RT Reaction time vs response time Simple RT (Donders A): the time between the onset of a stimulus and the onset of a response. Requires time for sensory processing, nerve conduction, and responding.

5. Measuring RT – Donders C Go NoGo (Donders C): the time between the onset of one of multiple possible stimuli and the onset of a response to only a single one of those stimuli. Requires time for all processes in simple RT plus time for stimulus identification.

6. Measuring RT – Donders B Choice RT (Donders B): the time between the onset of one of multiple possible stimuli and the onset of a unique response to each stimulus. Requires time for all processes in simple RT plus time for stimulus identification and time for response selection.

7. Donders A -- Simple A Reaction Time (total) Perceive stimulus and press key

8. Donders C – Go-No Go C Reaction Time (total) Perceive stimulus, decide if it is the one requiring you to press a key, press the key

9. Isolating and Measuring the Two Components of the Task C Reaction Time C Minus A A Reaction Time The two steps (perceive a stimulus and decide whether to press a key or not) can be separated and the time needed for each determined by subtraction.

10. Donders B -- Choice B Reaction Time (total) B Minus C C Reaction Time (total) BaselineIdentification Time Selection Time

11. The Subtractive Method A:See a stimulus Press a key B:See a stimulus Identify which one it is Decide which key to press Press a key C:See a stimulus Identify which one it is Press a key or not

12. Measuring the Separate Parts A is the Simple task B is the Choice task C is the Go-NoGo task A is how long it takes to see a stimulus and press a key. To figure out how long it takes to identify the stimulus, subtract A from C. To figure out how long it takes to decide which key to press, subtract B from C.

13. Subtractive Method in Experiments Define two or more groups (levels of the IV): Group 1 – Control group Group 2 – Experimental (treatment) group Measure both groups Subtract Group 2 from Group 1 The difference is the effect The effect is the amount attributable to whatever happened differently in Group 2. If there is no measurable difference between the two, there is no effect.

14. Reaction Time Expt (Uncleaned) Task SimpleMean P 11.042 StDevP 11.975 Min P 10.253 Max P 19.22 N P 120 SE P 10.44 P 1 Go/NoGoMean P 20.426 StDevP 20.067 Min P 20.317 Max P 20.53 N P 220 SE P 20.02 P 2 ChoiceMean P 30.477 StDevP 30.100 Min P 30.301 Max P 30.71 N P 320 SE P 30.02

15. Reaction Time Expt (Cleaned) Task SimpleMean P 10.343 StDevP 10.072 Min P 10.253 Max P 10.50 N P 119 SE P 10.02 P 1 Go/NoGoMean P 20.426 StDevP 20.069 Min P 20.317 Max P 20.53 N P 219 SE P 20.02 P 2 ChoiceMean P 30.454 StDevP 30.077 Min P 30.301 Max P 30.64 N P 319 SE P 30.02