1. AGING IN FAMILIES

2. Longitudinal Study of Generations (LSG) Vern Bengtson, et al @ USC--1971 ~300 3&4-generation families (2000 grandparents, parents, grandchildren, & great-grandchildren) interviews in 71, 85, 88, 91, 94, & 97

3. Intergenerational Solidarity “…positive interactions, cohesion, and sentiments between parents and their adult children, and between grandparents and adult grandchildren”. (Kart & Kinney, p. 254)

4. Elements of Intergenerational Solidarity 1. Associational** 2. Affectual 3. Consensual 4. Functional** 5. Normative 6. Structural**

5. Structural Solidarity: Definition Opportunity structure for intergenerational relationships reflected in number, type, and geographic proximity of family members

6. Structural Solidarity: Indicators Residential propinquity: Strong predictor of contact & how much intergenerational assistance is provided within the family –“Almost all studies show that older people prefer to live near, but not with, their children” (p. 255) –‘92: Approximately 20% of older adults who have a living child share a residence with that child.

7. Parents Residing with Adult Children Steady decline from 1900 to 1980. Among Whites: 58% to 18% Among Blacks: 40% to 30% WHY? –More socially acceptable for unmarried women to live on their own –Increasing income of elderly since WW II allows greater independence

8. Indicators, cont’d Number of family members--Will there be enough adult children in the future to care for older relatives? Health of family members

9. Structural Solidarity In Summary: “Although the popular media has claimed that contemporary families are geographically dispersed, this claim is not supported by data…structural intergeneration solidarity is high among members of contemporary families…and should remain so into the 1st qtr of the Cen.

10. Associational Solidarity: Definition Frequency and patterns of interaction in various types of activities in which family members engage

11. Associational Solidarity: Indicators Frequency of intergenerational interactions of all types (e.g., face-to-face, telephone, mail) Types of common activities shared (e.g., recreation, special occasions, etc.)

12. Research has shown differences: –Ethnic & racial--frequency & nature of contact –By geographic proximity –Rural vs Urban

13. Functional Solidarity: Definition Degree of helping & exchange

14. Functional Solidarity: Indicators Frequency of intergenerational exchanges of resources of assistance (e.g., financial, physical, emotional) Ratings of reciprocity in the intergenerational exchanges of resources

15. Exchange of resources intergenerationally is a “two-way street” Exchanges include: –assistance with finances –shared housing –provision of instrumental and social support

16. Basis for Functional Solidarity? Really like each other? OR A sense of obligation?

17. Affectual Solidarity: Definition Type & degree of positive sentiment held about family members, and the degree of reciprocity of these sentiments

18. Affectual Solidarity: Indicators Ratings of affection, warmth, closeness, understanding, trust, and respect for family members Ratings of perceived reciprocity in positive sentiments among family members

19. “Across a range of studies, members of older generations rate their relationships with younger generations more positively than members of the younger generations rate their relationships with members of the older generations.” (p. 260) WHY?

20. A possible explanation: the Developmental Stake Hypothesis Older & younger generations have different developmental concerns, thus, different levels of investment in and evaluation of the relationship. –E.g.: Older: Continuity is a salient issue –Younger: Independence & autonomy are salient –Data from the LSG support this hypothesis

21. Consensual Solidarity: Definition Degree of agreement on values, attitudes, and beliefs among family members

22. Consensual Solidarity: Indicators Intrafamilial concordance among individual meeasures of specific values, attitudes, and beliefs. Ratings of perceived similarity with other family members in values, attitudes, and beliefs

23. Results from the LSG: High levels of intergenerational agreement & stability in scores over time Consistent with the developmental stake hypothesis

24. Normative Solidarity: Definition Strength of commitment to performance of familial roles and to meeting familial obligations

25. Normative Solidarity: Indicators Ratings of importance of family and intergenerational roles Ratings of strength of filial obligations (familism) Not much research on this one, but most people are”believers”

26. Elements at work in Later-life (postparental) Families Marital distributions of older men and older women differ widely. By 75+ 70% of men were married; 28% of women were. Why? –Much higher mortality rate for married men than for married women –“…not only do most married women outlive their husbands, but they do so by many years” –higher remarriage rate of widowers (7X)

27. Marital Satisfaction Research Cross-sectional: Findings & Problems Marital Style--I.e., whether a spouse’s primary focus is the marital relationship, the general family relationship, or outside interests--vary, but are relatively stable over time

28. Divorce in Later Life Financial implications worse for women Effects on family relationships worse for men--less contact with kids & less support from kids

29. Widowhood Almost 70% of all women >65 are widows Remarriage: 10% for women; 20% for men Among the most stressful role transitions; grief work can take up to 2 yrs. Effects differ for men and women

30. Remarriage Greatest Chance of Success: –Both partners in good health –Couple has adequate income –Family & friends approve –The first marriage was successful

31. Grandparenthood: Styles of Grandparenting Formal: Provides goodies; leaves parenting up to the parents Fun-seeker Surrogate parent Reservoir of family wisdom Distant figure