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Seattle/King County EMT-B Class
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Topics Eye Injuries: Chapter 25 Face & Throat Injuries: Chapter 26
1 Eye Injuries: Chapter 25 2 Face & Throat Injuries: Chapter 26 3 Chest Injuries: Chapter 27
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Eye Injuries 1
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Eye Injuries Can produce severe complications
1 Can produce severe complications Examine pupil for shape and reaction.
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Appearance of Eye 1 In a normal, uninjured eye, the entire circle of the iris should be visible. Pupils should be round, equal in size, react equally when exposed to light. Both eyes should move in same direction when following a finger. Always note patient’s signs and symptoms including severity and duration.
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Scene Size-up 1. Scene Size-up 1 Observe for hazards.
Request additional help early © AbleStock.
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Initial Assessment 1. Scene Size-up Initial Assessment 1
Decide SICK/NOT SICK. Eye injuries can cause permanent disability. Can create great anxiety Approach patient calmly. Initial Assessment © AbleStock.
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Focused History/Physical Exam
1 1. Scene Size-up Rapid physical exam In bleeding cases, do not focus just on bleeding. Quickly assess entire patient from head to toe. Initial Assessment Focused History/ Physical Exam © AbleStock.
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Focused History/Physical Exam
1 1. Scene Size-up Focused physical exam Begin with eyes and face. Assess eyes for equal gaze. Check pupil shape and response to light. Assess globe for bleeding. If eye is swollen shut, do not attempt to open. Initial Assessment Focused History/ Physical Exam © AbleStock.
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Detailed Physical Exam
1 1. Scene Size-up Perform if patient is stable and time allows. Initial Assessment Focused History/ Physical Exam Detailed Physical Exam © AbleStock.
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Ongoing Assessment 1. Scene Size-up Initial Assessment
With serious injuries, make sure bandage covers both eyes and is not putting pressure on eyeball. Communication and documentation Inform hospital in case eye specialists are available. Document the patient’s vision or changes in vision. Initial Assessment Focused History/ Physical Exam Detailed Physical Exam © AbleStock. Ongoing Assessment
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Foreign Objects in the Eye
1 For small foreign objects lying on the surface of the eye, irrigate with saline. Flush from the nose outward.
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Removing a Foreign Object
1 Never attempt to remove an object on the cornea. Have the patient look down. Place a cotton-tipped applicator on the outer surface of the upper lid.
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Removing a Foreign Object
1 Pull the lid upward and forward. Gently remove the foreign object from the eyelid with a moistened, sterile applicator.
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Foreign Objects Impaled in the Eye
1 If there is an object impaled in the eye, do not remove it. Immobilize the object in place. Prepare a doughnut ring by wrapping a 2” piece of gauze around your fingers and thumb.
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Foreign Objects Impaled in the Eye
1 Remove the gauze from your hand and wrap remainder of gauze around ring. Carefully place the ring over the eye and impaled object, without bumping the object.
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Foreign Objects Impaled in the Eye
1 Stabilize the object with roller gauze. Cover the injured and uninjured eye.
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Chemical Burns Chemicals, heat, and light rays can burn the eye.
1 Chemicals, heat, and light rays can burn the eye. For chemicals, flush eye with saline solution or clean water. You may have to force eye open to get enough irrigation to eye. With an alkali or strong acid burn, irrigate eye for about 20 minutes. Bandage eye with dry dressing.
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Irrigating the Eye 1
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Thermal Burns 1 For thermal burns, cover both eyes with a moist, sterile dressing. Transport patient to a burn center.
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Light Burns 1 Infrared rays, eclipse light, direct sunlight, and laser burns can damage the eye. Cover each eye with a sterile pad and eye shield. Transport the patient in a supine position.
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Common Eye Injuries Lacerations 1
Lacerations to the eyes require very careful repair. Never exert pressure on or manipulate the eye. If part of the eyeball is exposed, apply a moist, sterile dressing. Cover the injured eye with a protective metal eye shield.
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Common Eye Injuries, continued
1 Laceration Blunt trauma can cause a number of serious injuries. A fracture of the orbit (blowout fracture) Retinal detachment May range from a black eye to a severely damaged globe Blunt trauma
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Common Eye Injuries, continued
1 Laceration Bleeding in the anterior chamber of the eye May seriously impair vision Blunt trauma Hyphema
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Common Eye Injuries, continued
1 Laceration May occur from blunt trauma caused by a fracture of the orbit Bone fragments may entrap muscles that control eye movement, causing double vision. Blunt trauma Hyphema Blowout fracture
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Common Eye Injuries, continued
1 Laceration Often seen in sports injuries Produces flashing lights, specks, or floaters in field of vision Needs prompt medical attention Blunt trauma Hyphema Blowout fracture Retina detachment
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Contact Lenses and Artificial Eyes
1 Contact lenses should be kept in the eyes unless there is a chemical burn. Do not attempt to remove a lens from an injured eye. Notify the hospital if the patient has contact lenses. If there is no function in an eye, ask if the patient has an artificial eye.
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Contact Lens Removal 1 If absolutely necessary, remove a hard contact lens with a small suction cup, moistening the end with saline.
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Contact Lens Removal, cont'd
1 To remove a soft contact lens: Place two drops of normal saline in eye. Gently pinch it between your gloved thumb and index finger. Lift it off surface of eye.
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Face & Throat Injuries 2
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Anatomy of the Head 2
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Landmarks of the Neck 2
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Injuries to the Face 2 Injuries about the face can lead to upper airway obstructions. Bleeding from the face can be profuse. Loosened teeth may lodge in the throat. If the great vessels are injured, significant bleeding and pressure may occur.
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Soft-Tissue Injuries 2 Soft-tissue injuries to the face and scalp are common. Wounds to the face and scalp bleed profusely. A blunt injury may lead to a hematoma. Sometimes a flap of skin is peeled back from the underlying muscle.
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Hematoma 2 Blunt injury that does not break the skin may cause a break in a blood vessel wall.
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Care of Soft-Tissue Injuries
2 Assess the ABCs and care for life-threatening injuries. Follow proper BSI precautions. Blood draining into the throat can lead to vomiting. Monitor airway constantly. Take appropriate precautions if you suspect a neck injury.
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Care of Soft-Tissue Injuries
2 Control bleeding by applying direct pressure.
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Care of Soft-Tissue Injuries
2 Injuries around the mouth may obstruct the airway.
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Injuries of the Nose 2 Blunt trauma to the nose can result in fractures and soft-tissue injuries. Cerebrospinal fluid coming from the nose is indicative of a basal skull fracture. Bleeding from soft-tissue injuries of the nose can be controlled with a dressing.
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Injuries of the Ear 2 Place a dressing between the ear and scalp when bandaging the ear. For an avulsed ear, wrap the part in a moist sterile dressing. If a foreign body is lodged in the ear, do not try to manipulate it.
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Facial Fractures 2 A direct blow to the mouth or nose can result in a facial fracture. Severe bleeding in the mouth, loose teeth, or movable bone fragments indicate a break. Fractures around the face and mouth can produce deformities. Severe swelling may obstruct the airway.
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Dislodged Teeth 2 Dislodged teeth should be transported with the patient in a container with some of the patient’s saliva or with some milk to preserve them.
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Blunt Injuries of the Neck
2 A crushing injury of the neck may involve the larynx or trachea. A fracture to these structures can lead to subcutaneous emphysema. Be aware of complete airway obstruction and the need for rapid transport to the hospital.
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Penetrating Injuries of the Neck
2 They can cause severe bleeding. The airway, esophagus, and spinal cord can be damaged from penetrating injuries. Apply direct pressure to control bleeding. Place an occlusive dressing on a neck wound.
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Penetrating Injuries of the Neck
2 Secure the dressing in place with roller gauze, adding more dressing if needed. Wrap gauze around and under patient’s shoulder.
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Eye Injuries Following a Head Injury
2 One pupil larger than the other Eyes not moving together or pointing in different directions Failure of the eyes to follow equally Bleeding under the conjunctiva Protrusion or bulging of one eye
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Pupil Size and Head Injury
2 Variation in pupil size may indicate a head injury.
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Chest Injuries 3
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Organs of the Chest 3
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Structures of the Chest
3
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Mechanics of Ventilation
3 Inspiration (active process) Intercostal muscles contract and diaphragm flattens. Expiration (passive process) Intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax; tissues move back to normal position.
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Mechanics of Ventilation, cont'd
3 Spinal cord injury below C5 Loss of ability to move intercostal muscles Diaphragm can still contract; patient can still breathe. Spinal cord injury at C3 or higher No ability to breathe
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Spinal Cord Injury Below C5
3
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Injuries to the Chest Closed chest injuries Caused by blunt trauma
3 Closed chest injuries Caused by blunt trauma Open chest injuries Caused by penetrating trauma
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Signs and Symptoms Pain at site of injury
3 Pain at site of injury Pain aggravated by increased breathing Bruising to chest wall Crepitus with palpation of chest Penetrating injury to chest Dyspnea Hemoptysis Failure of chest to expand normally Rapid, weak pulse and low blood pressure Cyanosis around lips or fingernails
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Inspection 3 Decreased breath sounds usually indicate significant damage to a lung. If both sides of chest do not have equal rise and fall, chest muscles have lost ability to work properly. If one section of chest moves in opposite direction from the rest of the chest (paradoxical motion), this is a life threat.
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Immediate Interventions
3 Decide SICK/NOT SICK. Provide complete spinal immobilization. Apply an occlusive dressing to any penetrating chest injury. Stabilize paradoxical motion with a large bulky dressing and 2'' tape. Apply oxygen via non-rebreathing mask. Provide positive pressure ventilations if breathing is inadequate. Control bleeding/treat for shock.
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Circulation Assess patient’s pulse.
3 Assess patient’s pulse. Consider aggressive treatment for shock. Internal bleeding can quickly cause death. Pay attention to subtle clues such as: Skin signs Level of consciousness Sense of impending doom
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Complications of Chest Injuries
3 A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between the pleural surfaces.
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Pneumothorax Air enters through a hole in the chest wall.
3 Air enters through a hole in the chest wall. The lung may collapse in a few seconds or a few minutes. An open or penetrating wound to the chest is called a sucking chest wound.
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Care for Open Pneumothorax
3 Clear and manage the airway. Provide oxygen. Seal an open wound with an occlusive dressing. Depending on local protocol, tape down all four sides or create a flutter valve.
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Spontaneous Pneumothorax
3 Some people are born with or develop weak areas on the surface of the lungs. Occasionally, the area will rupture spontaneously, allowing air into the pleural space. Patient experiences sudden chest pain and trouble breathing. Consider a spontaneous pneumothorax for a patient with chest pain without cause.
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Tension Pneumothorax Can occur:
3 Can occur: from sealing all four sides of the dressing on a sucking chest wound. from a fractured rib (closed injury) puncturing the lung or bronchus. as a result from a spontaneous pneumothorax.
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Tension Pneumothorax, cont'd
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Tension Pneumothorax, cont'd
3 Signs and Symptoms include: Respiratory distress Distended neck veins Tachycardia Low blood pressure Cyanosis Decreased lung sounds Tracheal deviation
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Care for Tension Pneumothorax
3 If a tension pneumothorax develops from sealing an open chest wound, partly remove the dressing to let the air escape. If there is no open wound, follow local protocol.
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Hemothorax Collection of blood in the pleural space
3 Collection of blood in the pleural space Suspect if the following are seen: Signs and symptoms of shock Decreased breath sounds on affected side If both air and blood are present in the pleural space, it is a hemopneumothorax.
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Hemothorax, continued 3
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Rib Fractures They are very common in the older people.
3 They are very common in the older people. A fractured rib may lacerate the surface of the lung. Patients will avoid taking deep breaths and breathing will be rapid and shallow. The patient often holds the affected side to minimize discomfort. Administer oxygen.
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Flail Chest Segment of chest wall detached from rest of thoracic cage
3 Segment of chest wall detached from rest of thoracic cage Occurs when: Three or more ribs are fractured in two or more places. Sternum is fractured along with several ribs. Creates paradoxical motion (asymmetrical and opposite movement of the chest during inspiration/expiration)
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Flail Chest, continued 3
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Care for Flail Chest Maintain airway.
3 Maintain airway. Provide respiratory support with BVM if needed. Perform ongoing assessments for pneumothorax and other respiratory complications. Immobilize flail segment.
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Pulmonary Contusions Bruising of the lung. Develops over hours.
3 Bruising of the lung. Develops over hours. Alveoli fill with blood, and edema accumulates in the lung, causing hypoxia. Provide oxygen and ventilatory support.
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Traumatic Asphyxia 3 Sudden, severe compression of chest, i.e.: (crushed by a car that fell of the jack) Produces rapid increase in pressure within chest Results in neck vein distention, cyanosis, and bleeding into the eyes Provide supplemental oxygen and monitor vital signs. Transport immediately.
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Blunt Myocardial Injury
3 Bruising of heart muscle. Pulse is often irregular. There is no prehospital treatment for this condition. Check patient’s pulse and note irregularities. Provide supplemental oxygen and transport immediately.
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Pericardial Tamponade
3 Blood or other fluids collect in the pericardium.
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Pericardial Tamponade, cont'd
3 Signs and symptoms include: Very soft and faint heart tones Weak pulse Low blood pressure Decrease in difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure Jugular vein distention (JVD) Provide oxygen and transport quickly.
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Laceration of the Great Vessels
3 The superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, pulmonary arteries and veins, and aorta are contained in the chest. Injury to these vessels can cause fatal hemorrhage. Treatment includes: Ventilatory support Supplemental oxygen CPR Transport immediately.
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