1. Protists Chapter 28

2. Protists Eukaryotes Not plants, fungi or animals

3. Protists Unicellular Colonial Multi-cellular Highly variable No one unifying feature “protist” informal term Greatest diversity of eukaryotic kingdoms.

4. Endosymbiosis Cyanobacterium Heterotrophic eukaryote Over the course of evolution, this membrane was lost. Red alga Green alga Primary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Secondary endosymbiosis Plastid Dinoflagellates Apicomplexans Stramenopiles Plastid Euglenids Chlorarachniophytes

5. General biology Cell surface Locomotion organelles Cyst formation Nutrition Reproduction

6. Cell surface Varies Only cell membrane Extra cellular material (ECM) on outside of membrane ECM makes a strong cell wall Diatoms shells of silica

7. Locomotion organelles Varies Flagella (1 or more) Several shorter called cilia Pseudopodial (false feet) Lobopodia-blunt extensions Filopodia-thin branch extensions Axopodia-supported by microtubules

8. Cyst formation Protective covering In adverse environments Dormant forms

9. Nutrition Phototrophs (photosynthetic) Heterotrophs Mixotrophs Combine photosynthesis with heterotrophic nutrition Phagotrophs Ingest visible particles of food Osomotrophs Ingest soluble food

10. Reproduction Asexually –Binary fission –Budding Sexual reproduction Gamete meiosis Spore-producing protists are haploid as adults Algae alternate haploid/diploid

11. Fig. 28-23 Common ancestor of all eukaryotes DHFR-TS gene fusion Unikonta Excavata Chromalveolata Rhizaria Archaeplastida Choanoflagellates Animals Fungi Amoebozoans Diplomonads Euglenozoans Alveolates Stramenopiles Rhizarians Red algae Green algae Plants RESULTS

12. Categories 1. Excavata 2. Chromalveolata 3. Rhizaria 4. Archaeplastida 5. Unikonta

13. 1. Excavata Diplomonads Parabasalids Euglenozoans CDC

14. Diplomonads Giardia lamblia (parasite) Flagellate protist Mitochondria lacking DNA, ETC or enzymes for citric acid cycle Anaerobic environment Found in water Cause diarrhea “hikers diarrhea”

15. Parabasalids Trichomonads Reduced mitochondria Anaerobic energy production T. vaginalis Infects vaginal lining Disrupts normal acidity of vagina

16. Euglenozoans Autotrophs Heterotrophs Parasites

17. Euglenozoans Euglenoids Mixotrophs Earliest free-living eukaryotes Fresh water Move by flagellum Asexually

18. Euglena

20. Euglenozoan Kinetoplastids Single mitochondria 2 types of DNA Parasites Typanosomiasis African sleeping disease

21. 2. Chromalveoletes Alevolates –Dinoflagellates –Apicomplexans –Ciliates Stramenopiles –Diatoms –Golden algae –Brown algae –Oomycetes

22. Dinoflagellates

23. Alveolata Common trait Alveoli (membrane sac) Space below plasma membrane Dinoflagellates Apicomplexes Cilliates

24. Dinoflagellates Photosynthetic Marine & freshwater Characteristic shape Reinforced by internal plates of cellulose. Two flagella sit in perpendicular grooves in the “armor” Produce a spinning movement “red tide” produced with large growth

25. Apicomplexes Spore forming parasites Spores pass from host to host Apical complexes: Organelles-one of cell Plasmodium causes malaria Mosquito to human

26. Plasmodium

27. Malaria

28. Toxoplasma gondi

29. Ciliates Large numbers of cilia Anchored to microtubules below membrane 2 nuclei Macronucleus for mitosis Micronucleus for sexual reproduction

30. Paramecium

32. Ciliates

33. Paramecium

34. Stramenopila Diatoms Brown algae Golden algae Oomycetes

35. Diatoms Unique glasslike walls Hydrated silica in an organic matrix. Overlap like a shoe box & lid. Photosynthetic Mostly unicellular

36. Diatoms

37. Brown algae Largest algae (kelp) Multicellular Most are marine Found in cooler waters Color due to carotenoids Alternate between diploid & haploid cycles Thickens foods (ice cream, pudding)

38. Brown algae

39. Golden algae ( Chrysophyta ), Named for the yellow & brown carotene Xanthophyll pigments Typically bi-flagellated. Many freshwater Most are unicellular, some are colonial. Poor environment; Form resistant cysts-viable for decades.

40. Golden algae (Chrysophyta),

41. Oomycetes Cellulose in cell walls Mostly diploid Flagellated cells Caused the potato blight in 1845-47 Turned potato plants to black slime

42. 3. Rhizaria Amoebas Forams Radiolarians

43. Amoebas Pseudopods Flowing extension of cytoplasm Pulls amoeba forward Causes dysentery

44. Amoebas

45. Forams Almost all marine. Most live in sand or attach to rocks or algae. Some are in plankton. Multi-chambered, porous shells Consists of organic materials Hardened with calcium carbonate Tests

46. Forams

47. Radiolarians Marine Internal skeleton made of silica Skeleton lines seafloor when dies

48. 200 µm Radiolarians

49. 4. Archaeplastida Red algae Green algae

50. Rhodophyta Red algae Microscopic to large seaweed on beach Mostly multi-cellular Warm coastal waters Used in sushi

51. Red algae

52. Chlorophyta Green algae Green chloroplasts Similar to plants Diverged recently Mostly live in fresh water Unicellular to multi-cellular

53. Green algae

54. 5. Unikonta Slime molds Choanoflagellida

55. Slime molds Looks like a moving mass of slime Plasmodium A multinucleated mass of cytoplasm Move as a mass called a slug Digest bacteria, yeasts & other small organic particles Multi-cellular & unicellular

56. Slim molds

59. Slim mold

60. Choanoflagellida Similar to sponges Freshwater Single flagellum Feed on bacteria

61. Fig. 28-UN6