1. Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity

2. Eukaryotic Tree

5. Characteristics l Nucleus l Membrane-bound organelles l Ribosomes (80s) l Usually unicellular –some colonial –some multicellular l Protozoa –ingestive l Algae –autotrophic l Fungus-like –absorptive

6. Origin of Eukaryotes l Autogeneous l Endosymbiotic

7. Secondary Endosymbiosis

8. Phylogeny of Eukarya

9. Classific ation

10. Supergroup: Excavata l Cytoskeleton features l Excavated groove (some) l Modified mitochondria

11. Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Diplomonads ex. Giardia (lack plastids, lack functional etc in mitochondria (mitostomes), two haploid nuclei, flagella)

12. Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Parabasala ex. Trichimonas (lack plastids, reduced mitochondria (hydrogenosomes, undulating membranes and flagella)

13. Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Euglenozoans l Move by flagella with spiral or crysalline rod l Disc-shaped Cristae

14. Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Euglenozoans Clade 3 : Kinetoplastids ex. Trypanosoma (single large mitochondria with kinetoplast)

15. Supergroup: Excavata Clade 2 : Euglenozoans Clade 3 : Euglenids ex. Euglena (anterior pocket with flagella)

16. Supergroup: Chromalveolates l DNA Sequence Data l Secondary endosymbiosis of a red alga

17. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Alveolates l DNA Similarities l Membrane bounded sacs (alveoli)

18. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 :Alveolata Clade 2 : Dinoflagellates Causes Red Tide (2 flagella in grooves, xanthophyll)

19. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Alveolata Clade 2 : Apicomplexans ex. Plasmodium (parasitic, apical structure)

20. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Alveolata Clade 2 : Ciliates (cilia), Ex. Vorticella, paramecium Cilia, two distinct types of nuclei

21. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila l Have hair-like projections on flagella l Store food as laminarin (Photosynthetic)

22. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Clade 2 :Diatoms overlapping silica test pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

23. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Clade 2 : Chrysophyta ex. Golden Algae Typically bi-flagellated pigments: carotene, xanthophyll

24. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Clade 2 : Brown Algae pigments: fucoxanthin cell wall: cellulose, algin

25. Supergroup: Chromalveolates Clade 1 : Stramenopila Clade 2 : Oomycota ex. Water mold pigments:none cell wall: cellulose, coenocytic hyphae

26. Supergroup: Rhizaria l Thin pseudopodia used for movement and feeding

27. Supergroup: Rhizaria Clade 2 :Cercozoans Amoeboid-shaped protist with thin pseudopodia Predators found in marine freshwater, and soil

28. Supergroup: Rhizaria Clade 2 : Forams (porous shells - calcium carbonate) Both marine and freshwater (found in sand or attached – also planktonic)

29. Supergroup: Rhizaria Clade 2 :Radiolarians (fused plates – silica with axopodia) Mostly Marine (usually planktonic)

30. Supergroup: Archaeplastida l DNA Sequences l Endosymbiosis of cyanobacterium

31. Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Red Algae

32. l Multicellular (most) l Pigment: phycoerythrin l Cell wall: cellulose l no flagellated stage in their life cycle –probably lost during their history l used to produce agar

33. Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Chlorophytes

34. l Mostly Freshwater –Some marine –Some terrestrial l Unicellular, Colonial, Multicellular l Pigments:Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids l Cell walls: Cellulose

35. Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Charophytes l Similar to higher plants in color (pigment: Chlorophyll A and B and carotenoids). They are the closest relatives of land plants.

36. Supergroup: Archaeplastida Clade 2 : Charophytes l Four distinctive traits that are shared with higher plants: 1. Rings of cellulose-synthesizing proteins 2. Peroxisome enzymes 3. Structure of flagellated sperm 4. Formation of a phragmoplast

37. Supergroup: Unikonts l Single flagella (in those that have one) l Lobed-or tube-shaped pseudopodia l Fusion of three genes

38. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans l Used for movement and feeding l Classification –Slime Molds u Plasmoidial u Cellular –Gymnamoebas (broad pseudopods) –Entamoebas (parasitic)

39. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : The Slime Molds l Clade 3 : Plasmoidial l Coenocytic Hyphae l (feeding stage) single mass of cytoplasm with many nuclei –Diploid

40. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : The Slime Molds l Clade 3 : Cellular l (feed like individual amoebas) l Septate hyphae –aggregate to breed or during stress

41. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : Gymnamoebas ex. Amoebas

42. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Amoebozoans Clade 2 : Entamoebas ex. Entamoeba histolytica

43. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Opisthokonts l Unicellular and multicellular with ties to fungi and animals (DNA sequences) l Posterior location of flagellum l Classification –Nucleariids –Choanoflagellates

44. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Opisthokonts Clade 2 : Nucleariids l Unicellular – lack distinctive characters l Contain a posterior flagella l Temporary pseudopods l Feed on algae and bacteria

45. Supergroup: Unikonts Clade 1 : Opisthokonts Clade 2 : Choanoflagellates l Unicellular or colonial l Most are suspension feeders