1. Theodore Roosevelt’s Square Deal
Chapter 9 Section 3
The Americans: Reconstruction through the 20th Century

2. A Rough-Riding President
The man who was never suppose to be President.
The New York Political Machine could not control the new young governor and so they plotted to get him kicked upstairs.
What does “kicked upstairs” mean?
The Bosses got him nominated as the Vice-Presidential candidate for McKinley in 1900.
What they didn’t realize was that he was a heartbeat from the American Presidency.

3. Life &Times of Roosevelt
Came from wealthy New York family
As a child he was of poor health and suffered from asthma
He embraced a vigorous lifestyle to make himself strong.
Marksmen
Horsemen
Boxing
Wrestling
Hunting

4. Roosevelt’s Political Career
New York State Assemblyman
New York City Police Commissioner
Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy
Governor of New York
Vice-President of the United States
President of the United States

5. The Modern Presidency
Roosevelt became the youngest person ever to be President. (Age 42)
Who is the youngest person to ever be elected President?
Roosevelt established a new type of Presidency and was constantly in the news with his many exploits.
Name some examples:
Boxing with a Professional and losing the sight in one eye
Galloped on horseback for 100 miles
Spared the life of a bear cub and started the use of “Teddy Bears”

6. Roosevelt On Life
“In life, as in a football game, the principle to follow is: HIT THE LINE HARD”

7. THE MODERN PRESIDENCY
“Bully Pulpit” – Use of the Presidency to influence the media and shape legislation.
Roosevelt used his dynamic personality and extreme popularity to advance his programs of change.
Cited federal responsibility for national welfare
Thought if states could not handle problems then the federal government should

8. THE SQUARE DEAL
Term used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.
Wanted to save the common man from the victimization by big business and give them a “Square Deal”.

9. ROOSEVELT USES FEDERAL POWERS
1902 Coal Strike
Federal Arbitration
Trust Busting
Railroad Regulation
Protecting Citizens
Protecting the Environment

10. 1902 COAL STRIKE 140,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania go on strike
Want 20% Raise
9 Hour Work Day
Right to Organize a Union
Owners refuse to give into demands
Strike lasts 5 months, reserves of coal run low
Schools and factories close, hospitals are freezing
Roosevelt calls both sides to the White House

11. FEDERAL ARBITRATION Roosevelt threatens to take over the mines.
Sides agree to Federal Arbitration
Arbitration commission works with both sides to mediate the dispute.
Compromise Settlement
10% wage increase
9 Hour work day
Gave up demands for a closed-shop: all workers must belong to a union
Gave up the right to strike for 3 years
Set precedent of the federal government intervening and the expectation of them doing so.

12. TRUSTS Trust = Monopoly
What % of U.S. industries were controlled by trusts at the turn of the century?
80%
Many used unfair business practices and took advantage of competitors and customers.
Standard Oil – John D. Rockefeller

13. Roosevelt on Trusts Didn’t think all Trusts were BAD
Fights to curb trusts when their actions hurt public interest.
Used the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
Difficult to enforce this very vague law
Filed 44 antitrust suits against big business with his real intent to institute FEDERAL REGULATION.

14. Roosevelt on Railroad Regulation
Interstate Commerce Act (1887)
Est. the Interstate Commerce Commission
Prohibited “pools” in which wealthy railroad owners divided the business in a given area and shared the profits
Elkins Act (1903)
Made it illegal for RR officials to give, and shippers to receive, REBATES-discounts or refunds.
Specified that once a RR had set rates, it could not change them w/out notifying the public.
Hepburn Act (1906)
Strictly limited the distribution of free RR passes, a common form of bribery.
Allowed the ICC the power to set max. rates, subject to the court, if shippers complained.

15. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
Book that tried to show the poor working conditions in Chicago meat packing plants and its effect on workers.
“I aimed at a nations heart, but by accident I hit it in the stomach.”
Exposed the sickening, dirty conditions of the meat packing industry.

16. Meat Inspection Act
Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers
Created a federal meat inspection program that is still in use today

17. Pure Food and Drug Act
Manufactures often used harmful substances in foods and drugs
Coal-tar
Borax
Formaldehyde
Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines
Called for “Truth in Labeling”

18. Conservation and Natural Resources
Government did little to protect U.S. natural resources prior to the Roosevelt Administration.
Companies exploited resources and wasted much.
Pollution Problems
Americans saw resources as endless

19. Establishment of National Parks Service
Yellowstone National Park 1872 – 1st NP
Roosevelt set aside 148 million acres of forest land in reserve
Set aside 1.5 million acres of water-power sites
Set aside 80 million acres of land for exploration of minerals and water resources
Established more than 50 wildlife sanctuaries and more national parks

20. Gifford Pinchot Conservation vs. Preservation
Professional conservationist and head of the U.S. Forest Service
Conservation – Some wilderness areas would be preserved while others would be developed for the common good.
Preservation – Complete preservation of wilderness areas.
National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act)-
Money from the sale of public lands in the West would fund large-scale irrigation projects
Established the practice of the federal governments management of precious water resources

21. Presidents on Civil Rights
Roosevelt
Not a supporter of civil rights for African-Americans
Did support a few individual African-Americans
South Carolina Custom house official
Invited Booker T. Washington to dine at the White House
Taft
No action on civil rights
Wilson
Opposed federal anti-lynching laws
Resumed the practice of segregation in Federal offices
Threw an African-American delegation out after being confronted about the lack of presidential support for civil rights