3. Infantile cataract Congenital – Present at birth – Hereditary – Non-hereditary Developmental – Progression or development over time Acquired Unilateral or bilateral

4. Etiologies, bilateral Sporadic, not associated with any systemic or ocular diseases Hereditary and familial Intrauterine infections, especially “TORCH” Metabolic disorders Genetically transmitted syndromes Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS)

5. Etiologies, unilateral Usually isolated sporadic incidents Associated with ocular abnormalities – Posterior lenticonus – Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) – Anterior segment dysgenesis – Posterior pole tumors Trauma Intrauterine infection, particularly rubella. PHPV

6. In our experience the following etiologies are frequently overlooked, they need high index of suspicion: Galactosemia Hypocalcemia Diabetes TORCH Early galactosemic cataract

7. Leukocoria (white pupil) Differential diagnosis: Retinoblastoma congenital cataract PHPV (persistent hyperplasia of primary vitreous) Retina detachment (trauma/ retinopathy of prematurity) Toxocariasis (nematode infection) from exposure to puppies Uveitis, infections, other conditions It is recomended to check red reflex of all neonates & children www.occhioallaretina.it/Immagini/leucocoria.JPG

8. Location of the opacity Anterior polar Anterior subcapsular Cortical Sutural Lamellar (zonular)

9. Location of the opacity Nuclear Posterior subcapsular Posterior polar Posterior lenticonus Total

10. Cause of visual loss Lens opacity – Cataracts in the center of the visual axis that are greater than 3 mm in diameter are generally considered visually significant Refractive error and anisometropia

11. Progression Static cataract – Anterior polar – Nuclear Progressive cataracts – Posterior lenticonus – Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, – lamellar, sutural, and anterior or posterior subcapsular. They usually have a better prognosis because they only usually begin to obstruct the vision after the critical period of visual development has passed.

12. ضمن عرض پوزش بدلیل حجم بالای LECTUER ادامه اسلایدها امکان پذیر نمیباشد در صورت نیاز به ادامه لطفا به واحد سمعی و بصری مرکز آموزشی درمانی فیض مراجعه و یا با شماره تلفن 03114476010 داخلی 392 تماس حاصل نمائید با تشکر