1. Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

2. Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation
The Need to Belong
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Introduction
Motivation

4. Motivational Concepts

5. Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology
Instinct (fixed pattern)
Instincts in animals
Instincts in humans

6. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

7. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

8. Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

9. Drives and Incentives
Incentive
Positive and negative

10. Optimum Arousal
Arousal
Optimum level of arousal

11. A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Variations in the hierarchy

12. A Hierarchy of Motives

13. A Hierarchy of Motives

14. A Hierarchy of Motives

15. A Hierarchy of Motives

16. A Hierarchy of Motives

17. A Hierarchy of Motives

18. A Hierarchy of Motives

19. Abraham Maslow suggested that “A person who is lacking food, love, and self-esteem would most likely hunger for food more strongly than anything else.” Conversely, the novelist Dostoyevski wrote, “Without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread.” Give evidence that would lead you to support both statements.

20. Students should reference Maslow's hierarchy of needs when providing evidence for Maslow's quote. To support this idea the student should give an example in which an organism is motivated to choose food or drink (or safety, or any of the lower needs on the hierarchy) rather than friendship, group belongingness, and so on (any of the needs higher on the hierarchy). To support Dostoyevski's quote, students should give an example opposite the Maslow example, in which an organism chooses to forgo food, safety, and such needs in favor of group belongingness or self-actualization needs (such as a monk fasting in a quest for spiritual enlightenment).

21. Males: 2-T, 3-F, 4-T, 5-T, 7-F, 9-F, 10-T, 11-T,
In developing the scale, the authors analyzed results for
males and females separately, because prior studies of
food aversion indicated significant sex differences.
These separate item analyses yielded somewhat different
scales for males and females.
Males:
2-T, 3-F, 4-T, 5-T, 7-F, 9-F, 10-T, 11-T,
12-T, 15-F, 16-F, 17-T, 18-F, 19-T, 24-T, 25-T,
26-T, 27-T, 32-T, 33-T, 34-F, 37-F, 38-T, 39-T,
42-T, 45-F, 46-F, 47-F, 51-T, 52-T, 53-T, 54-T,
58-F, 60-T, 61-T, 63-T, 64-T.
Females:
1-T, 2-T, 4-T, 5-T, 6-T, 8-T, 9-F, 10-T,
11-T, 12-T, 13-F, 14-T, 15-T, 16-F, 17-T, 18-F,
19-T, 20-T, 21-T, 22-T, 23-F, 26-T, 27-T, 28-F,
29-T, 30-F, 31-F, 34-F, 35-F, 36-F, 39-T, 40-T,
41-T, 43-F, 44-T, 45-F, 48-F, 49-F, 50-T, 51-T,
52-T, 53-T, 54-T, 55-F, 56-F, 57-F, 59-T, 61-T,
62-T, 63-T, 65-T

22. Hunger

23. The Physiology of Hunger
Contractions of the stomach
Washburn study

24. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Glucose
Insulin
Hypothalamus
Lateral hypothalamus
orexin
Vetromedial hypothalamus

25. The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain
Appetite hormones
Ghrelin
Obestatin
PYY
Leptin
Set point
Basal metabolic rate

26. The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture
Genetic: sweet and salty
Neophobia
Adaptive taste preferences

27. Although Jan appears to be underweight, she is afraid of becoming fat and consistently restricts her food intake. Although Gene appears to be overweight, he enjoys eating and always eats as much as he wants. Explain how their different reactions to food might result from (a) differences in their inner bodily states and (b) differences in their reactions to external incentives.

28. Students should discuss the potential impact of “internal bodily states” such as set point and basal metabolic rate on the different eating behaviors of Jan and Gene. Students should also discuss at least one of the psychological influences on eating, such as unit bias, taste preferences, cultural norms about body size (e.g., cultural ideal of thinness), and neophobia.

29. The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa
Bulimia nervosa
Binge-eating disorder

30. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

31. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

32. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

33. Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

34. Obesity and Weight Control
Historical explanations for obesity
Obesity
Definition
Statistics
Obesity and life expectancy

35. Obesity

36. Obesity

37. Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity
Weight discrimination
Psychological effects of obesity

38. Weight Discrimination

39. Weight Discrimination

40. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Fat Cells

41. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
Set point and metabolism

42. Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity
The genetic factor
The food and activity factor
Sleep loss
Social influence
Food consumption and activity level

43. Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight
Realistic and moderate goals
Success stories
Attitudinal changes

44. Sexual Motivation

45. The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle
Excitement phase
Plateau phase
Orgasm
Resolution phase
Refractory period

46. The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Effects of hormones
Development of sexual characteristics
Activate sexual behavior
Estrogen
Testosterone

47. The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams
Sexual fantasies

48. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

49. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

50. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

51. Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

52. Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy
Ignorance
Minimal communication about birth control
Guilt related to sexual activity
Alcohol use
Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

53. Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections
Statistics of STIs
Teen abstinence
High intelligence
Religious engagement
Father presence
Participation in service learning programs
xxx

54. Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics
Homosexual orientation
Heterosexual orientation
Sexual orientation statistics

55. Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation
Origins of sexual orientation studies
Fraternal birth order effect
Same-sex attraction in animals
The brain and sexual orientation
Genes and sexual orientation
Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

56. The Need to Belong

57. The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong
Sustaining relationships
The pain of ostracism
ostracism

58. The End

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60. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
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61. Teacher Information Continuity slides
Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

62. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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63. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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64. Definition Slide
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65. Definition Slides

66. Motivation
= a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

67. Instinct
= a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

68. Drive-reduction Theory
= the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

69. Homeostasis
= a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

70. Incentive
= a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

71. Hierarchy of Needs
= Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

72. Glucose
= the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

73. Set Point
= the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

74. Basal Metabolic Rate
= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

75. Anorexia Nervosa
= an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

76. Bulimia Nervosa
= an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

77. Binge-eating Disorder
= significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

78. Sexual Response Cycle
= the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

79. Refractory Period
= a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

80. Estrogens
= sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

81. Testosterone
= the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

82. Sexual Orientation
= an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).