1. Early Humans thru Phoenicia
WHI.2-3

2. Early Humans Homosapiens
Emerged in East Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago.
Migrated from
Africa to Eurasia, Australia,
and the
Americas
- Hunter-gatherers – survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals

3. Early Humans Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
Hunter gatherer societies during this era overcame limits set by their physical environment.
Nomads – moved in search of food, water, and shelter
Invented first tools, including simple weapons (made out of stone)
Learned how to use and make fire

4. Early Humans Paleolithic Era Lived in clans Developed oral language
Created cave art – about prehistoric life and events

5. Early Humans Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
Beginning of settled agriculture and permanent settlements
Developed agriculture (domesticated plants)
Domesticated (tamed) animals
Used advanced tools (metal)
Made pottery
Developed weaving skills

6. Early Humans
Archaeology – used to find and interpret evidence of early humans and their lives
Archaeologists – study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts
Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts

7. Early Humans
Stonehenge – archaeological site in England begun during the Neolithic Age and completed during the Bronze Age.
Lucy – skeleton found in Ethiopia; from her, learned that hominids had learned to walk upright

8. Emergence of Civilization
Civilization – complex culture with 3 characteristics:
Extra food
Large town/city with form of government
Different jobs for all

9. Emergence of Civilization
Surplus food
Used irrigation to provide water to fields during the dry season
Improved farming = more food = increase in population
Cities
Large – helped to build palaces, temples
Government – rules to guide people’s behavior (enforced rules)
Division of labor
Artisans – skilled workers (ex. Made tools)
Merchants, traders

10. Emergence of Civilization
Other characteristics
Calendar – concept of time
Communication – some written, but mostly oral
Pictograms – writing using pictures (Egypt, Sumer)

11. Do you know where early civilizations were located?

13. Cradles of Civilization
River Valley Civilizations (3500 – 500 B.C./B.C.E.)
Mesopotamia – Tigris/Euphrates River Valley (in Southwest Asia)
Egypt – Nile River Valley and Nile Delta (in Africa)
India – Indus River Valley (in Asia)
China – Huang He Valley (in Asia)
- All of these river valleys offered rich soils and irrigation waters for agriculture. They tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples.

14. Cradles of Civilization
Other Early Civilizations (2000 – 500 B.C./B.C.E)
1. Hebrews – along the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (in Asia, Fertile Crescent)
2. Phoenicians – along the Mediterranean Sea (in Asia, Fertile Crescent)
3. Nubia – upper (Southern) Nile River (in Africa)

15. Cradles of Civilization
Social patterns
Hereditary rulers – kings, pharaohs (dynasty – family of rulers)
Rigid class system – slavery was accepted
Political patterns
First states – city-states, kingdoms, empires
Centralized government – based on religious authority
Written law codes – Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi

16. Cradles of Civilization
Economic patterns
Metal tools and weapons (bronze and iron)
Increasing agricultural surplus (extra food) – better tools, plows, irrigation)
Increasing trade along rivers and by sea (Phoenicians)
World’s first cities
Slavery – development and practice in the ancient world among most cultures, taking various forms

17. Cradles of Civilization
Religious traditions
Polytheism – worshipping more than one god (practiced by most early civilizations)
Monotheism – worshipping one god (practiced by the Hebrews)

18. Egypt
The important river to the Egyptians was the Nile River which is the longest river in the world.
The northern portion of the Nile River branches in a delta (triangular shape) and flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
Heavy rains = summer floods which leave behind fertile soil.
Nile River used for transportation and trade.

19. Egypt Achievements Hieroglyphics – pictographic form of writing
Rosetta Stone – contains Egypt’s written history (hieroglyphics written on stone which was translated)
Papyrus – plant used to make paper
Pyramids – tombs for pharaohs
Calendar
Number system based on ten
Researched the human body

20. Egypt
Education – boys could go to school and learn to be scribes (could read and write)
Society based on farming
Trade – controlled by the government
Traded extra food.
Caravans – groups of people travelling for safety over long distances

21. Egypt Religion – polytheistic
Amon/Amon Ra – creator, associated with the sun
Osiris – judged people after death, associated with the Nile
Isis – Osiris’ wife, goddess of the royal throne
Afterlife – everyone had life after death
Mummifications – organs removed

22. Egypt Egypt had a dynasty (family of rulers).
Egyptian leaders were called pharaohs. Pharaohs had absolute, unlimited power in Egypt.
Old Kingdom
When the Great Sphinx and pyramids were built.
Two social classes: lower (peasants and farmers) and upper (pharaoh, royal family, priests, scribes, government officials)

23. Egypt Middle Kingdom New Kingdom –
Foreigners started coming to Egypt from Asia. (ex. Hyksos) – brought chariots and the compound bow
Golden Age of Egypt
New Kingdom –
Began empire – government where one person or group of people rule
Hatshepsut – first female pharaoh

24. Egypt
Egypt’s decline
Ramses II (Ramses the Great) tried to hold the empire together.
Several empires attacked Egypt
Rule ended in Egypt around 300 B.C./B.C.E.

25. Locations of Egypt and Mesopotamia

26. Mesopotamia (Land between the Rivers)
The land where the Mesopotamians lived was called Sumer.
Sumer was located in southwest Asia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
It was part of the Fertile Crescent – land between the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea

27. Mesopotamia Achievements Cuneiform – pictographic writing
Arch – curved structure for an opening (ex. Roof in shape of a dome)
Ziggurats – Sumerian temples (baked brick placed in layers)
First to develop the wheel

28. Mesopotamia
Government – kings in charge of city-states that didn’t unite
The Sumerians farmed and grew enough to become artisans and traders. They would trade any extra food that they had.
Only upper class boys attended schools.
Religion – polytheism
Buried food and tools with the dead (for afterlife)

29. Babylonians Centered around Babylon
Their ruler was Hammurabi – conquered most of the Tigris/Euphrates River Valley
-Outstanding political leader and lawmaker
-Came up with the law code, the Code of Hammurabi – “an eye for an eye”, very harsh laws
(Punishment varied/depended on social status)

30. Can you find Babylon?

31. Hebrews Founder of Judaism (Jewish religion) – Abraham
The Jews left their land of Canaan to escape drought (no rain) and famine (no food).
The Jews became enslaved in Egypt.
Moses – led the Jews out of slavery (called the exodus)
Ten Commandments – laws of the Hebrews
God gave the Ten Commandments to Moses and the Jews formed a covenant (solemn agreement) with God.

32. Jews Diaspora – scattering of the Jews Founding of Israel
At first, they were nomads made into tribes.
First king to unite kingdom – Saul
David – king after Saul
Solomon – Israel reached its height of wealth and power under him

33. Jews Judaism – religion of the Jews
Monotheistic - believe in God (Yahweh)
Holy book = Torah – contains the written records and beliefs of the Jews
Ten Commandments, laws – state moral and religious conduct
Began in Jerusalem (holy city)

35. Persia Conquered Babylonians Cyrus the Great – expanded Persia
Darius I and Xerxes I (father and son) – invaded Greece but failed to conquer
Mightiest empire to date

36. Persia
Government
Kings – had a concern for justice (tolerant of conquered peoples – let them keep their culture)
Roads – connected cities in the empire
Ex. Royal Road – 1250 miles
Used by army and postal riders
Linked empire together
Developed an imperial bureaucracy – government organized into different levels and tasks
Satraps – Persian governors

37. Persia Religion – Zoroastrianism
Introduced by the philosopher, Zoroaster, who believed people should receive training for their future life and must choose between good and evil.
Basic beliefs:
Struggle between the two opposing forces of nature (good and evil)
Idea of final judgment

38. Persia
Decline
Kings lost leadership abilities
Conquered by the Greeks

39. Persia and Phoenicia

40. Phoenicians Phoenicia made up of loose city-states
Little farmable land – Phoenicians traded in the Mediterranean Sea
Phoenicians were great sailors and traders
Phoenician culture similar to Egyptians and Babylonians
Created the Phoenician alphabet