1. POETRY-- Examples

2. Stanza
Little Lamb who made thee Dost thou know who made thee Gave thee life & bid thee feed. By the stream & o'er the mead;
Gave thee clothing of delight, Softest clothing wooly bright; Gave thee such a tender voice, Making all the vales rejoice! Little Lamb who made thee Dost thou know who made thee

3. Verse
Little Lamb who made thee Dost thou know who made thee Gave thee life & bid thee feed. By the stream & o'er the mead;

4. RHYME
Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds.
(A word always rhymes with itself.)
LAMP
STAMP
Share the short “a” vowel sound
Share the combined “mp” consonant sound
Activity: Rhyme group game

5. Rhyme
where there's ice and snow, there lived a penguin and his name was Joe."
Brown: [- clown, crown, down, drown, frown, gown, noun, town]

6. Slant rhyme how, row lovely, funny. eyes, light; years, yours

7. RHYME SCHEME
A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always).
Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)
Activity: Rhyme Scheme group game

8. Rhyme scheme Bid me to weep, and I will weep, (A)
While I have eyes to see; (B)
And having none, yet I will keep (A)
A heart to weep for thee. (B)
Sounds in orange are marked with the letter A
Sounds in purple are marked with the letter B

9. SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME The Germ by Ogden Nash
A mighty creature is the germ,
Though smaller than the pachyderm.
His customary dwelling place
Is deep within the human race.
His childish pride he often pleases
By giving people strange diseases.
Do you, my poppet, feel infirm?
You probably contain a germ. a b c

10. RHYTHM The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem
Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

11. Rhythm
I hear the sound I love, the soung of the hyman voice, I hear all sounds running together, combined, fused, or following,

12. Allusion
Allusion comes from the verb “allude” which means “to refer to”
An allusion is a reference to something famous.
A tunnel walled and overlaid
With dazzling crystal: we had read
Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave,
And to our own his name we gave.
From “Snowbound”
John Greenleaf Whittier

13. Allusion
"As the cave's roof collapsed, he was swallowed up in the dust like Jonah, and only his frantic scrabbling behind a wall of rock indicated that there was anyone still alive".
Christy didn't like to spend money. She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased anything except the bare necessities".

14. ALLITERATION Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?
Activity: Alliteration group game

15. Alliteration
Don't delay dawns disarming display . Dusk demands daylight . Dewdrops dwell delicately drawing dazzling delight . Dewdrops dilute daisies domain. Distinguished debutantes . Diamonds defray delivered daylights distilled daisy dance .

16. IMAGERY Language that appeals to the senses.
Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell.
then with cracked hands that ached
from labor in the weekday weather . . .
from “Those Winter Sundays”

17. Imagery sight: the rose is bright red
hearing: it sounds like the chirping of several birds, with their high voices.
smell: the air smells like going to the countryside. fresh and green. no smell of smoke but the fresh waters and the leaves.
touch: it feels bumpy yet gives off a welcoming warmth
taste: it tastes sweet yet spicy at once, with a tinge of orange taste

18. Appeal to the five senses
~IMAGES~
The bear in the back room is wormy
Its meat is all stinky and squirmy,
So I’m reading a book
About how to cook
And another about taxidermy.
Appeal to the five senses

19. Simile My love is like a red, red rose —Robert Burns
Her hair was like gravy, running brown off her head and clumping up on her shoulders.
You are like a hurricane: there's calm in your eye, but I'm getting blown away —Neil Young
The air-lifted rhinoceros hit the ground like a garbage bag filled with split pea soup.

20. Simile “It seems to me You’ve lived your life Like a candle in the wind”
Elton John

21. SIMILE
A comparison of two things using “like, as than,” or “resembles.”
“She is as beautiful as a sunrise.”

22. SYMBOLISM
When a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else.
= Innocence
= America
= Peace

23. Limerick Old Man with a Beard
There was an Old Man with a beard, Who said, 'It is just as I feared! Two Owls and a Hen, Four Larks and a Wren, Have all built their nests in my beard!'

24. LYRIC A short poem Usually written in first person point of view
Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes a scene
Do not tell a story and are often musical
(Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)

25. Lyric poetry
Dying (I heard a fly buzz when I died ) by Emily Dickinson
I heard a fly buzz when I died; The stillness round my form Was like the stillness in the air Between the heaves of storm.

26. The morns are meeker than they were,
Lyric Poetry
Lyric poetry developed from an ancient Greek form of poetry that was accompanied by a musical instrument. These types of poems are like songs and have a musical quality about them. Lyric poems appeal to our senses and emotions. They are personal, subjective poems. By choosing words and phrases carefully, you can set the mood for a lyric poem. Lyric poems can rhyme or be in free verse.
April
The roofs are shining from the rain,
The sparrows twitter as they fly,
And with a windy April grace
The little clouds go by.
Yet the backyards are bare and brown
With only one unchanging tree-
I could not be so sure of Spring
Save that it sings in me.
-Sara Teasdale
Autumn
The morns are meeker than they were,
The nuts are getting brown;
The berry's cheek is plumper,
The rose is out of town.
The maple wears a gayer scarf,
The field a scarlet gown,
Lest I should be old-fashioned,
I'll put a trinket on.
-Emily Dickinson

27. NARRATIVE POEMS A poem that tells a story.
Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot.
Examples of Narrative Poems
“The Raven”
“The Highwayman”
“Casey at the Bat”
“The Walrus and the Carpenter”

28. Narrative Poems
Narrative poems tell stories. These stories can be about real or fictional events or ordinary or famous people. Kings, queens, knights, explorers, adventurers, soldiers, travelers, and presidents have all been written about in narrative poems. They can rhyme or be free verse.
Captain Kidd by Rosemary and Stephen Vincent Benet
This person in the gaudy clothes
Is worthy Captain Kidd.
They say he never buried gold,
I think, perhaps, he did.
They say it's all a story that
His favorite little song,
Was "Make these lubbers walk the plank!"
I think, perhaps, they're wrong.
They say he never pirated
Beneath the Skull and Bones.
He merely traveled for his health
And spoke in soothing tones.
In fact, you'll read in nearly all
The newer history books
That he was mild as cottage cheese
-But I don't like his looks.
Others:
Casey at the bat
The Listeners by
Walter de la Mare
On the next page, read the poem aloud. As students listen and read the poem, ask them to imagine
Abe as his mother describes him. When finished, have them create an original narrative poem of their own.

29. Irony Situational Verbal DRAMATIC
You break a date with your girlfriend so you can go to the ball game with the guys. When you go to the concession stand, you run into your date who is with another guy
Verbal
You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands you for being "smart." Your reply is a sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"
DRAMATIC
In Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter," when Hester is in the governor's garden to see to it that Pearl is not taken away from her, she asks the Reverend Dimmesdale to support her position. This is an example of dramatic irony as the reader knows that Dimmesdale and Hester are partners in sin, but the characters do not

30. Puns Yesterday I rode my bike twice, I guess that makes me a recycler.
The untruthful deli clerk was full of baloney.
Little Jimmy told his teacher he never saw a humming bird but he had watched a spelling bee.

31. CONCRETE POEMS
In concrete poems, the words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem.
Poetry
Is like
Flames,
Which are
Swift and elusive
Dodging realization
Sparks, like words on the
Paper, leap and dance in the
Flickering firelight. The fiery
Tongues, formless and shifting
Shapes, tease the imiagination.
Yet for those who see,
Through their mind’s
Eye, they burn
Up the page.

32. END RHYME
A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line
Hector the Collector
Collected bits of string.
Collected dolls with broken heads
And rusty bells that would not ring.

33. End rhyme
Whose woods these are I think I know, His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.

34. Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
INTERNAL RHYME
A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line.
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary.
From “The Raven”
by Edgar Allan Poe

35. Internal rhyme
Now, Jenny and me were engaged, you see On the eve of a fancy ball So a kiss or two is nothing to you Or anyone else at all. Now we had arranged, through notes exchanged Early that afternoon At number four to dance no more, But to sit in the dusk, and spoon.

36. Eye rhyme move and love, bough and though, come and home,
laughter and daughter

37. REFRAIN A sound, word, phrase or line repeated regularly in a poem.
“Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’”

38. Refrain There lived a lady by the North Sea shore,
Lay the bent to the bonny broom
Two daughters were the babes she bore.
As one grew bright as is the sun,
So coal black grew the other one.

39. Meter meter: the regular pattern of beats and stresses in a poem
stressed syllable
unstressed syllable
the meter is named for the number of sets of stressed and unstressed syllables per line
tetrameter = four sets of stressed and unstressed syllables
pentameter = five sets of stressed and unstressed syllables
To him who in the love of Nature holds
-William Cullen Bryant
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day
- William Shakespear

40. METER A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern.
When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They they repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

41. METER cont. FOOT - unit of meter.
A foot can have two or three syllables.
Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.
TYPES OF FEET
The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables.
(cont.)

42. METAPHOR A direct comparison of two unlike things
“All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.”
- William Shakespeare

43. ~a direct comparison; does NOT use “like” or “as”
~METAPHOR~
My brother is
A PIG!
~a direct comparison; does NOT use “like” or “as”

44. Metaphor
"My heart is a lonely hunter that hunts on a lonely hill." (William Sharp, "The Lonely Hunter")
"Memory is a crazy woman that hoards colored rags and throws away food." (Austin O'Malley)
"Words are bullets, and should be used sparingly, aimed toward a target." (Army Colonel Dick Hallock)

45. ONOMATOPOEIA Words that imitate the sound they are naming BUZZ
OR sounds that imitate another sound
“The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of
each purple curtain . . .”

46. ~when a word sounds like what it means
~ONOMATOPOEIA~
“Black is the clear glass now that he glides,
Crisp is the whisper of long, lean strides…”
from “The Skater of Ghost Lake”
by William Rose Benet
~when a word sounds like what it means

47. Onomatopoeia
The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumerable bees." (Alfred, Lord Tennyson, "Come Down, O Maid")
"I'm getting married in the morning! Ding dong! the bells are gonna chime." (Lerner and Loewe, "Get Me to the Church on Time," My Fair Lady)
"One of these days, Alice. Pow! Right in the kisser!" (Jackie Gleason, The Honeymooners
"Plop, plop, fizz, fizz, oh what a relief it is." (Advertising slogan of Alka Seltzer)

48. PERSONIFICATION
An animal given human-like qualities or an object given life-like qualities.
from “Ninki”
by Shirley Jackson
“Ninki was by this time irritated beyond belief by the general air of incompetence exhibited in the kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun.

49. Personification
"And indeed there will be time For the yellow smoke that slides along the street, Rubbing its back upon the window panes." (T. S. Eliot, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock")
"The operation is over. On the table, the knife lies spent, on its side, the bloody meal smear-dried upon its flanks. The knife rests." (Richard Selzer, "The Knife")

50. Couplet
"Morning Swim"
Into my empty head there come a cotton beach, a dock wherefrom

51. FREE VERSE POETRY
Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Does NOT have rhyme.
Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you.
A more modern type of poetry.

52. Free Verse Winter Poem - Nikki Giovanni once a snowflake fell
on my brow and i loved
it so much and i kissed
it and it was happy and called its cousins
and brothers and a web
of snow engulfed me then
i reached to love them all
and i squeezed them and they became
a spring rain and i stood perfectly
still and was a flower

53. A frog jumps into the pond.
HAIKU
A Japanese poem written in three lines
Five Syllables
Seven Syllables
An old silent pond . . .
A frog jumps into the pond.
Splash! Silence again.

54. Haiku
Fog On the mountain top The fog fell down thick and fast It was like pea soup. Rain Tip-tap goes the rain. As it hits the window pane I can hear the rain.

55. Hyperbole
Exaggeration often used for emphasis.

56. Hyperbole "I think of you a million times a day"
"The test was so hard, by the time I finished it I was 100 years old!“
"That boy's eyes are so big, they look like they're going to jump out and grab you!
"My best friend is so forgetful, I sometimes have to remind her what her name is!"

57. Idiom "making a mountain out of a molehill." Tongue-in-Cheek
Bend Over Backwards
Jump Down Someone's Throat
Cough Up
Smell a Rat
Scratch Someone's Back
Shoot Off One's Mouth
Go to the Dogs
Get in Someone's hair
Kick the Bucket

58. Idiom
An expression where the literal meaning of the words is not the meaning of the expression. It means something other than what it actually says.
Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs.