1. M USIC A PPRECIATION C LASS #2 The Baroque, part 1 CD #1, tracks 5-8

2. D EFINITION 1600-1750 Extravagant, complex, or bizarre, especially in ornamentation

3. D EFINITION, CONTINUED “Spacious, dynamic, brilliant, colorful, theatrical, passionate, sensual, ecstatic, opulent, extravagant, versatile and virtuoso.”

4. C ULTURE Turbulent change in politics, science, arts Religious wars Exploration of the New World Rise of middle-class culture Music making centered in the home, church, and universities Collegium musicum 1900180 0 17001600150014001300600700800900100011001200400500

5. W HAT IS THE “B AROQUE *” AESTHETIC ? Intense; Complex; Dense; Opulent; Extravagant.

6. T HE S ISTINE C HAPEL ( M ICHELANGELO )

7. S T. P ETER ’ S

8. A DORATION BY S IR P ETER P AUL R UBEN

9. M AIN MUSICAL IDEAS FROM B AROQUE : Contrapuntal* Grandeur Complexity Virtuosity*

10. I MPROVISATION * Improvisation* First musical “stars” Intense competition. William Goldstein master class

11. B AROQUE M USICAL R HYTHM Baroque rhythm* Specific Unrelenting Dance Formal Royal Court occasions

12. T HE R ISE OF THE V IRTUOSO * M USICIAN Technical improvements in instrument making Composers challenging the performers

13. T HE D OCTRINE OF THE A FFECTIONS * One mood, or affection, per movement or piece

14. W OMEN IN B AROQUE M USIC More professional women were singers & instrumentalists  Francesca Caccini  Barbara Strozzi  Faustina Bordoni  Francesca Cuzzoni  Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre

15. C ONCERTO * & R ITORNELLO * Definition Concerto* : to fight, to argue; a contest Ritornello* : to return over and again

16. T HE B AROQUE D ANCE S UITE * Suite: each movement is A-A-B-B Allemande Courante Sarabande Gigue (jig)

17. O THER OPTIONAL DANCES Minuet Gavotte Bourrée Passepied

18. C ONTRAPUNTAL DEVICES Augmentation: longer time values Diminution: shorter time values Retrograde : backwards (starting from the last and going to the first) Inversion: turning the melodic intervals upside down Retrograde inversion : original melody is played upside down and backwards

19. CD #1, TRACK 5 Johann Pachelbel: “Canon & Gigue”

20. J OHANN P ACHELBEL * 1653-1706 Composer Teacher Organist

21. D EFINITIONS Canon* Contrapuntal* “Leader” melody* “Follower” imitation* Gigue* Movement of a dance suite*

22. B ASS LINE (28 REPEATS !)

23. “V OICES ”

24. L ISTEN FOR … Repeating bass line* “Leader” voice* “Follower” voice* Entrances of new voices Harpsichord* accompaniment

25. CD #1, TRACK 6 Arcangelo Corelli: “Christmas Concerto” Vivace -- Grave

26. A RCANGELO C ORELLI 1653-1713 Crucial influence on violin music & technique Accepted in aristocratic society Extreme wealth

27. D EFINITIONS Vivace * Lively, energetic Grave * Slow, mournful Concerto da chiesa* 3-part composition for the church

28. L ISTEN FOR … Significant tempo* changes Dynamic* changes Crescendo* Decrescendo* Contrapuntal* writing Harpsichord* accompaniment

29. CD #1, T RACK 7 François Couperin: Premier Concert, “ Prélude”

30. F RANÇOIS C OUPERIN 1668-1733 Couperin le Grand Famous musical family Organiste du Roi Ordinaire de la musique de la chambre du Roi

31. D EFINITIONS Prélude* An introductory piece, able to be performed out of context. French Baroque* Identified by unusually specific rhythm* and a decorated melodic line.

32. L ISTEN FOR … Trill* Mordent* Contrapuntal* and melodic writing Consistent rhythm*

33. CD #1, T RACK 8 Antonio Vivaldi: “The Four Seasons” Spring Allegro

34. A NTONIO V IVALDI * 1678 (Venice) – 1741 (Vienna) Father/Son violinists Innovative composer Form (Sonata* or “Sonata Allegro”*) Woodwind* Virtuoso* violin technique

35. V IRTUOSO !* " Vivaldi played a solo – so splendid! -- to which he appended a cadenza* which really frightened me, for such playing has never been nor can be: he brought his fingers up to only a straw's distance from the bridge, leaving no room for the bow-- and that on all four strings with imitations and incredible speed."

36. V ENICE City/state Social and cultural capital of Italy Tourism Festivals required music Christmas Carnival

37. V IVALDI THE TRAVELER... Work as performer Amassed great wealth poorly invested International success Paris, Amsterdam^, Vienna, Rome and Dresden

38. 1 ST P ROFESSIONAL * MUSICIAN Appointment (Patronage*) Church and/or state Music Publishing Dedications*

39. V IVALDI THE PRIEST... “The Red Priest” Asthma? Weekly musical opportunities

40. T HE O SPEDELE DELLA P IETA * “Hospital of Pity (Compassion)”...as it looked then...

41. A ND TODAY...

42. T HEATER....

43. J OB DUTIES Teacher Violin, viola, flute, oboe, harpsichord and voice Composer Two concerti* every month for public performances

44. P ERFORMANCES Most famous & admired orchestra in all of Venice! Highly competitive market Popularity, fame and fortune Large, heavy curtains. Why?

45. W HO ARE THE GIRLS ? Orphans? Illegitimate? Physically challenged?

46. D EPARTURE... Why? Popularity Travel Duties included Mass Love?

47. V IVALDI THE LOVER... Anna Giro 30+ years difference Accomplished singer Scandal!

48. V IVALDI ’ S MUSIC Prolific 500 concerti*, 40 cantatas*, 52+ operas*, 60+ sacred works Where is all the rest? Who claims ownership?

49. V IVALDI AND OPERA * Six opera houses in Venice Intense competition Diversion from sacred* music Profit Ownership Fame Social aspect

50. I NSTRUMENTAL M USIC Attention to individual, unique timbre* of each instrument Unusual and new instruments

51. S ONATA * ( OR, “S ONATA A LLEGRO ”)* Three parts Allegro* (Fast) Adagio* or Andante* (Slow) Allegro* (Fast)

52. “T HE F OUR S EASONS ”* 1718-1720 "The Contest of Harmony and Invention”* Program music* Four violin concerti* Three movements each

53. P ROGRAM M USIC * Non-vocal (instrumental only) Musical depiction of a non-musical event, person or thing. Todentanz (The Dance of Death) Franz Liszt Don Quixote Richard Strauss The War of 1812 (“ The 1812 Overture ”) The 1812 Overture Peter Tchaikovsky

54. “S PRING ” (1 ST MOVEMENT ) Springtime is upon us. The birds celebrate her return with festive song, and murmuring streams are softly caressed by the breezes. Thunderstorms, those heralds of Spring, roar, casting their dark mantle over heaven, Then they die away to silence, and the birds take up their charming songs once more.

55. “S PRINGTIME IS UPON US...” Ritornello* Part A Part B Complete Partial Variations

56. “...T HE BIRDS CELEBRATE HER RETURN WITH FESTIVE SONG...” Flutes High Violin Ritornello

57. “... MURMURING STREAMS...B REEZES …” Low strings Ebb/flow motion Ritornello

58. “...T HUNDERSTORMS... ROAR...” Thunder Orchestra Lightening Violinist Virtuoso displays Question and Answer Ritornello

59. “... THE BIRDS TAKE UP THEIR CHARMING SONGS ONCE MORE...” Flutes High strings Ritornello

60. L EGACY.... Died penniless in 1741 Musically obsolete Forgotten by the musical world for almost two hundred years

61. 20 TH C ENTURY D ISCOVERIES 1926 Monastery in Piedmont (region), Italy 14 folios 1930 300 concertos for various instruments nd 18 operas 100+ vocal-instrumental piece

62. RV N UMBERS Peter Ryom Ryom Verzeichnis « Ryom’s Numbers » Répertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi Completed in 1977