1. CH 22

2. Background and Causes  The causes of WWI are usually put into four MAIN categories:  Militarism  Alliances  Imperialism  Nationalism

3. Militarism  “the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests”  Governments place a high emphasis on military expansion

4. Militarism After 1871 alliances lead to an armaments race Became increasingly serious between 1900 and 1914. Military expenditures increased dramatically France 10%, Britain 13%, Russia 39% Germany being the most militaristic at 73%

5. Militarism  Conscription- Compulsory enlistment for state service; typically military ○ Also known as draft  All continental powers had enforced conscription system after 1870 ○ France since the Revolutionary Wars ○ A-H by 1868 ○ Germany since 1870 ○ Italy since 1873 ○ Russia since 1874 ○ Great Britain did not have a conscription system

8. France vs. Germany  Franco-Prussian War After war Bismarck wanted to keep France isolated and weak Began building a strong army and navy to do so Seeing what Germany was doing France started building a strong military as well  Both built massive militaries to protect against one another

9. Britain vs. Germany  Germany very critical about the Boer Wars -1895 Kaiser William II sent telegram to Boer president congratulating them on their stand against the Brits.  Naval rivalry top concern among these two countries -In 1897 the Reichstag allocated funds to speed up naval expansion -British response was the Dreadnought

11. Russia  Russo-Japanese War After defeat started to rebuild military  Wanted strong military to control interest in the Balkans

12. Alliances  Agreement made between two or more countries to come to the aid if one needs help.  Secret alliances sprouted all over Europe starting in the late 1800’s

13. Alliances  Alliances in the late 1800’s hinged on: German and French enmity Competing interests in the Balkans by A-H and Russia Germany’s fear of being attacked from both east and west

14. 1879 The Dual Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia 1881 Austro-Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia 1882 The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia 1914 Triple Entente (no separate peace) Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately. 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria- Hungary 1907 Triple Entente This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany. 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente This was an agreement between Britain and Russia 1904 Entente Cordiale This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain.

15. Germany and A-H vs. Russia  Germany enjoyed good relations with Russia 1873 Bismarck forged the Three Emperors’ League Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) ○ In 1881 Serbia signed the Austro-Serbian Alliance Why would Serbia sign this alliance if it looked to Russia for leadership?

17. Germany and A-H vs. Russia  1879 fearing Russia, Germany and A-H forged the Dual Alliance. ○ This alliance became a central factor of European diplomacy for the next thirty-five years.  1882 Italy joins into an alliance with Germany and A-H ○ Known as The Triple Alliance ○ G and A-H wanted to keep Italy from joining with Russia

18. 1879 The Dual Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia 1881 Austro-Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia 1882 The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia 1914 Triple Entente (no separate peace) Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately. 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria- Hungary 1907 Triple Entente This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany. 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente This was an agreement between Britain and Russia 1904 Entente Cordiale This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain.

19. Germany Encircled  The last thing Germany wanted was and alliance between France and Russia. Despite the political differences factors drew Russia and France together. Both faced diplomatic isolation Cultural ties between France and Russian aristocracy was still strong.  In 1890, Bismarck dismissed by William II. ○ 1894 France and Russia agree to the Franco- Russian Alliance.

20. Great Britain  Great Britain had been diplomatically isolated until around 1901. ○ After the Russo-Japanese War; Britain worried more about Germany than Russia.  The Entente Cordiale (1904) was reached between Great Britain and France. ○ Eliminated tension between the two powers

22. The Moroccan Crisis (1905)  France had interest in Morocco  Germany only had commercial interest William II decided to test the new agreement between F and GB.  French gov’t reacted with fury but backed down.  Algeciras Conference (1906) ○ Forced Germany to recognize French interest in Morocco ○ Brought Russia and GB closer together

23. 1879 The Dual Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance to protect themselves from Russia 1881 Austro-Serbian Alliance Austria-Hungary made an alliance with Serbia to stop Russia gaining control of Serbia 1882 The Triple Alliance Germany and Austria- Hungary made an alliance with Italy to stop Italy from taking sides with Russia 1914 Triple Entente (no separate peace) Britain, Russia and France agreed not to sign for peace separately. 1894 Franco-Russian Alliance Russia formed an alliance with France to protect herself against Germany and Austria- Hungary 1907 Triple Entente This was made between Russia, France and Britain to counter the increasing threat from Germany. 1907 Anglo-Russian Entente This was an agreement between Britain and Russia 1904 Entente Cordiale This was an agreement, but not a formal alliance, between France and Britain.

24. The Triple Entente  Russia joined with France and GB in 1907 Feared Germany’s expansion of Army as well as, A-H. Unlike the Triple Alliance they were not required to come to the aid if another was attacked. It was a moral obligation to protect each other.

26. Imperialism  Scramble for Africa- Push to gain control over parts of Africa.  The Balkans  Asia

27. Nationalism  Nationalism- intense pride in one’s country or culture.  East Europe becomes a hot box of nationalism before World War 1.

29. The Balkan Tinderbox  The Balkans becomes the key to maintaining peace in Europe.  In 1903 a revolution led to the assassination of the king and queen of Serbia. Russia quickly recognized the new king hoping Pan- Slav ideas would dominate. A-H fearing this would drive Serbia closer to Russia

30. The Balkan Tinderbox  Relations between Serbia and A-H deteriorated when Serbia tried to lessen its economic dependence. Signed a commercial treaty with Bulgaria  A-H responded by banning the import of Serbian livestock  1906 and economic battle known as the “Pig War”

31. Instability in Turkey  Political instability caused Russia and A-H desire for the Balkans to increase.  In 1894-1895 the Turkish Sultan had about 200,000 Armenians murdered. ○ Done because of Armenian nationalism encouraged by Russia ○ In 1908 a group known as the “Young Turks” lead a revolt against the Sultan

33. Bosnia  Turkish instability lead to the Bosnian Crisis of 1908. ○ At Congress of Berlin 1878 A-H started to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina.  October of 1908, A-H annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina.

34. Bosnia  The annexation caused further unrest. ○ Russian and Serbia responded with fury. ○ Strained relations with Italy ○ War was avoided with the help of Archduke Francis Ferdinand. ○ Russia drew closer to Britain. ○ Serbian nationalist groups like the “Black Hand” gained support in the area.

35. The Balkan Wars  Italy provided a kindling for another flare up. ○ 1911 they invaded Libya which became known as the Tripoli War ○ France agreed to the invasion if Italy would recognized their influence in Morocco.  The Balkan League formed in 1912 ○ First Balkan War lasted less than a month with victory for the League.

36. The Balkan Wars

37.  Germany didn’t want any Balkan state to become too strong in fear of nationalist uprisings.  The Second Balkan War – fought between Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece. Germany readied its military.