1. Cleo, Hannah, Melissa, Sylvie

2. Macduff attempts to convince Malcolm to go to war against Macbeth. Malcolm doesn’t trust Macduff and he tests Macduff’s loyalty with lies. Malcolm: “ It’s myself I mean: in whom I know All the particulars of vice so grafted, That, when they shall be open’d, black Macbeth Will seem as pure as snow, and the poor state Esteem him as a lamb, being compared With my confineless harms.” (IV, iii, 57-68) Macduff eventually shows his loyalty by crying “O Scotland, Scotland!” for his grief. It leads Malcolm to trust him and they become allies.

3. Malcolm mentions that he will return with ten thousand soldiers lent him by the English King. Later on, Ross arrives with the news of the deaths of Macduff’s family. Macduff is devastated, and Malcolm urges him to get angry and get revenge on Macbeth. Finally, Macduff and Malcolm decided to return to Scotland and kill Macbeth.

4. It introduces/develops major themes. Tyranny & Kingship Malcolm: “ It’s myself I mean: in whom I know All the particulars of vice so grafted, That, when they shall be open’d, black Macbeth Will seem as pure as snow, and the poor state Esteem him as a lamb, being compared With my confineless harms.” (IV, iii, 57-68) On the other hand, he mentions “the king-becoming graces, as justice, verity, temperance, stableness, bounty, perseverance, mercy, lowliness, devotion, patience, courage, fortitude” (IV, iii, 103-106).

5. Loyalty & Manhood … Macduff cried “ O Scotland, Scotland!” (IV, iii, 113) for his grief. …Malcolm: “Be this the whetstone of your sword: let grief convert to anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it.” (IV, iii, 267-268) …Highlights Macduff’s sadness and Malcolm’s loyalty. Malcolm encourages Macduff to be manly and go against Macbeth.

6. It introduces/develops Malcolm’s role. Malcolm: “I pray you, let not my jealousies be your dishonors, be mine own safeties. You may right just, whatever I shall think.” (IV, iii, 45-47) …Malcolm’s scared of Macduff. It shows Malcolm having a weak side to Macduff, and Macduff having many different sides to him. …He’s a really clever man.

7. It introduces/develops Macduff’s role. Macduff: “O, I could play the woman with mine eyes, and braggart with my tongue!” (IV, iii, 268-269) …We can see his weak side that he never let anyone see before. He’s a symbol of virtue V.S. Macbeth’s a symbol of evil. He becomes stronger because of Macbeth’s actions.

8. It builds suspense and sets up a plot development. Malcolm: “this tune goes manly. Come, go we to the king; our power is ready; our lack is nothing but our leave. Macbeth is ripe for shaking, and the powers above put on their instruments. Receive what cheer you may; the night is long that never finds the day.” (IV, iii, 274-279) Malcolm and Macduff are ready to return Scotland and kill Macbeth. Malcolm takes control. Macbeth will be killed by Macduff.

9. It uses symbolism to introduce the theme of tyranny and kingship. Macduff: “Bleed, bleed, poor country: great tyranny, lay thou thy basis sure, for goodness dares not check thee: wear thou thy wrongs” (IV, iii, 36-42). Great tyranny: Macbeth Malcolm, he will not confront it…

10. It uses imagery to introduce the theme of loyalty and manhood. Malcolm: “Be this the whetstone of your sword: let grief convert to anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it.” (IV, iii, 267-268) Whetstone – Macduff’s grief of his family and Scotland. – his loyalty. …Personification - Macduff’s heart - Malcolm wants him to be manly.

11. It uses imagery to introduce Malcolm’s role. Malcolm: “To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb to appease an angry god.” (IV, iii, 18-19) Lamb: himself Angry god: Macbeth Malcolm mentions that he’s weak, and he’s not able to have a war against Macbeth…

12. It uses a speech to introduce Macduff’s role. …Macduff: “O Scotland, Scotland!” ( IV, iii, 113) Turning point - Malcolm starts to trust Macduff. …It totally shows his loyalty to Scotland. Also, in contrast with Macbeth, he’s a symbol of virtue.

13. It uses foreshadowing to set up a plot development. Malcolm: “this tune goes manly. Come, go we to the king; our power is ready; our lack is nothing but our leave. Macbeth is ripe for shaking, and the powers above put on their instruments. Receive what cheer you may; the night is long that never finds the day.” (IV, iii, 274-279) It foreshadows the future of Scotland with Macbeth as the King- long night. It also foreshadows the death of Macbeth at the hands of Macduff.