1. Comparative Scaling

2. Some Key Concepts Measurement –Assigning numbers or other symbols to characteristics of objects being measured, according to predetermined rules. Concept (or Construct) –A generalized idea about a class of objects, attributes, occurrences, or processes. Relatively concrete constructs –Age, gender, number of children, education, income Relatively abstract constructs –Brand loyalty, personality, channel power, satisfaction

3. Scale –A quantifying measure – a combination of items that is progressively arranged according to value or magnitude. –Purpose is to quantitatively represent an item’s, person’s, or event’s place in the scaling continuum. Some Key Concepts

4. Primary Scales Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale Ratio Scale Interval Scale Figure 9.3 Primary Scales of Measur ement Primary Scales of Measurement

5. Nominal –A scale in which the numbers or letters assigned to objects serve as labels for identification or classification. Ordinal –A scale that arranges objects or alternatives according to their magnitude in an ordered relationship. Primary Scales of Measurement

6. Interval –A scale that both arranges objects according to their magnitudes and –Distinguishes the ordered arrangement in units of equal intervals –I.e., indicate order and measure order (or distance) in units of equal intervals Primary Scales of Measurement

7. Ratio –A scale that has absolute rather than relative quantities and an absolute zero where a given attribute is absent. –Money & weight are good examples of attributes that possess absolute zeros and interval properties. Primary Scales of Measurement

8. Scale Nominal Numbers Assigned 16 24 17 to Drivers/Cars Ordinal Rank Order Third Second First of race finishers Place Place Place Interval Championship Points earned 170 175 185 Ratio Time to Finish, behind winner 5.1 2.3 0.0 Figure 9.4 Primary Scales of Measurement Figure 9.4 Primary Scales of Measurement Primary Scales of Measurement

9. Comparative Scales –Involve the direct comparison of two or more objects Noncomparative Scales –Objects or stimuli are scaled independently of each other. Classifying Scaling Techniques

10. Scaling Techniques Comparative Scales Paired Comparison Constant Sum Rank Order Noncomparative Scales Itemized Rating Scales Continuous Rating Scales Likert Semantic Differential Stapel Figure 9.5 A Classific ation of Scaling Techniq ues Classifying Scaling Techniques

11. Respondent is presented with two objects at a time Then asked to select one object in the pair according to some criterion Data obtained are ordinal in nature –Arranged or ranked in order of magnitude Easy to do if only a few items are compared. If number of comparisons is too large, respondents may become fatigued and no longer carefully discriminate among them. Paired Comparison Scaling

12. Paired Comparison Scaling: Example CunninghamDayParkerThomas Cunningham000 Day110 Parker100 Thomas1110 # of times preferred 3120 For each pair of professors, please indicate the professor from whom you prefer to take classes with a 1.

13. Respondents are presented with several objects simultaneously Then asked to order or rank them according to some criterion. Data obtained are ordinal in nature –Arranged or ranked in order of magnitude Commonly used to measure preferences among brands and brand attributes Rank Order Scaling

14. InstructorRanking Cunningham1 Day3 Parker2 Thomas4 Please rank the instructors listed below in order of preference. For the instructor you prefer the most, assign a “1”, assign a “2” to the instructor you prefer the 2 nd most, assign a “3” to the instructor that you prefer 3 rd most, and assign a “4” to the instructor that you prefer the least.

15. Respondents are asked to allocate a constant sum of units among a set of stimulus objects with respect to some criterion Units allocated represent the importance attached to the objects. Data obtained are interval in nature Allows for fine discrimination among alternatives Constant Sum Scaling

16. InstructorAvailabilityFairnessEasy Tests Cunningham303525 Day3025 Parker25 Thomas15 25 Sum Total100 Listed below are 4 marketing professors, as well as 3 aspects that students typically find important. For each aspect, please assign a number that reflects how well you believe each instructor performs on the aspect. Higher numbers represent higher scores. The total of all the instructors’ scores on an aspect should equal 100.

17. Non-Comparative Scaling

18. Noncomparative Rating Scales Continuous Rating Scales Itemized Rating Scales Semantic Differential StapelLikert Figure 10. 3 A Classification of Non Comparative Rating ScalesFigure 10. 3 A Classification of Non Comparative Rating Scales Classifying Noncomparative Scaling Techniques

19. Continuous Rating Scale Example Very Poor Very Good 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 X

20. Method of Summated Ratings: The Likert Scale Extremely popular means for measuring attitudes. Respondents indicate their own attitudes by checking how strongly they agree/disagree with statements. Response alternatives: –“strongly agree”, “agree”, “uncertain”, “disagree”, and “strongly disagree”. Generally use either a 5- or 7-point scale

21. Semantic Differential Scales A series of numbered (usually seven-point) bipolar rating scales. Bipolar adjectives (for example, “good” and “bad”), anchor both ends (or poles) of the scale. A weight is assigned to each position on the rating scale. –Traditionally, scores are 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, or +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3.

22. Semantic Differential Scales for Measuring Attitudes Toward Tennis Exciting ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : Calm Interesting ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : Dull Simple___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ Complex Passive___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ : ___ Active

23. Stapel Scales Modern versions of the Stapel scale place a single adjective as a substitute for the semantic differential when it is difficult to create pairs of bipolar adjectives. The advantage and disadvantages of a Stapel scale, as well as the results, are very similar to those for a semantic differential. However, the Stapel scale tends to be easier to conduct and administer.

24. A Stapel Scale for Measuring a Store’s Image Department Store Name +3 +2 +1 Wide Selection -2 -3

25. Graphic Rating Scales n A graphic rating scale presents respondents with a graphic continuum.

26. Graphic Rating Scale Stressing Pictorial Visual Communications 3 2 1 Very Good Poor

27. Surfing the Internet is ____ Extremely Good ____ Very Good ____ Good ____ Bad ____ Very Bad ____ Extremely Bad Surfing the Internet is ____ Extremely Good ____ Very Good ____ Good ____ Somewhat Good ____ Bad ____ Very Bad Balanced ScaleUnbalanced Scale Balanced and Unbalanced Scales Figure 10.4 Balance d and Unbalan ced Scales

28. Table 10.2 Summary of Itemized Scale DecisionsTable 10.2 Summary of Itemized Scale Decisions

29. Table 10.2 Summary of Itemized Scale Decisions (Cont.) Table 10.2 Summary of Itemized Scale Decisions (Cont.)

30. Scale Evaluation Scale Evaluation Reliability Validity Test-Retest Internal Consistency Alternative Forms Construct Criterion Content Figure 10.6 Scale Evaluation Convergent Validity Discriminant Validity Nomological Validity

31. Reliability Extent to which a scale produces consistent results Test-retest Reliability –Respondents are administered scales at 2 different times under nearly equivalent conditions Alternative-form Reliability –2 equivalent forms of a scale are constructed, then tested with the same respondents at 2 different times

32. Reliability Internal Consistency Reliability –The consistency with which each item represents the construct of interest –Used to assess the reliability of a summated scale –Split-half Reliability Items constituting the scale divided into 2 halves, and resulting half scores are correlated –Coefficient alpha (most common test of reliability) Average of all possible split-half coefficients resulting from different splittings of the scale items

33. Validity Extent to which true differences among the objects are reflected on the characteristic being measured Content Validity –A.k.a., face validity –Subjective, but systematic evaluation of the representativeness of the content of a scale for the measuring task at hand Criterion Validity –Examines whether measurement scale performs as expected in relation to other variables selected as meaningful criteria –I.e., predicted and actual behavior should be similar

34. Construct Validity Addresses the question of what construct or characteristic the scale is actually measuring Convergent Validity –Extent to which scale correlates positively with other measures of the same construct Discriminant Validity –Extent to which a measure does not correlate with other constructs from which it is supposed to differ Nomological Validity –Extent to which scale correlates in theoretically predicted ways with measures of different but related constructs

35. Relationship Between Reliability and Validity A scale can be reliable, but not valid In order for a scale to valid, it must also be reliable. In other words, –Reliability is a necessary but insufficient condition for Validity.

36. Reliability and Validity on Target Old RifleNew RifleNew Rifle Sunglare Low ReliabilityHigh ReliabilityReliable but Not Valid (Target A)(Target B)(Target C)