1. War Affects the World
Ch. 29.3

2. Assessment: What were major causes of unrest in Europe?
Militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism
What were the results of the strategy that was used during the early fighting of the war?
Stalemate, trench warfare.
Why did the war settle into a stalemate?
Because of the new weapons used
What was Russia’s advantage?
Population

4. A Global Conflict Japan and Italy joined the Allied Powers.
The Ottoman Turks and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers.

6. Gallipoli Campaign
Allies wanted to attack the Ottoman Empire in a region known as the Dardanelles.
The narrow sea strait, near the Gallipoli peninsula was the gateway to Constantinople, the capital.
If the Allies could capture Constantinople, then they could establish a supply line to Russia.
(Remember the supply lines for Russia had been cut off by the Germans through the Baltic Sea)

10. Dardanelle effort Feb-Dec, 1915
British, Australian, New Zealand, and French troops assaulted the area on the west.
Turkish troops defended the region.
In a few months, it turned into another bloody stalemate for trench warfare.
By December, the Allies evacuated.
They suffered 250,000 casualties.

11. Determined to ruin Ottoman Empire
British helped Arab nationalists to rise up against their Turkish rulers.
T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) helped lead daring guerrilla raids against the Turks.
Allies took control of Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus.

13. Germany’s colonies under assault
Japanese took control of German outposts in China.
Japanese captured Germany’s Pacific island colonies.
English and French attacked Germany’s four African colonies.
They seized control of 3.

14. Troops
French and British recruited troops from India, South Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Algeria, and Indochina.
Many fought and died on the battlefield.
Others worked to supply the front lines of battle.

15. Indians volunteer
The Indians volunteered to help the British in WWI because they believed that it would eventually lead to their independence.
Gandhi said, “If we would improve our status through the help and cooperation of the British, it was our duty to win their help by standing by them in their hour of need.

16. Naval blockades British navy blocked supplies to Germany.
In 1917, crops failed and caused a severe food shortage in Germany.
Germany established its own blockade around Great Britain to strike back.

17. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germans announced they would sink any ship without warning in the waters surrounding Britain.
German U-boats sank 3 American ships.

21. Zimmerman Note
The British intercepted a telegram from Germany’s foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman.
The message said that Germany would help Mexico ‘re-conquer’ the territory it lost to the U.S.
The British decoded the message and gave it to the U.S.

23. US President Woodrow Wilson
Call for War
On April 2, 1917, the U.S. joins WWI on the side of the Allied powers.
The war had already been going for 3 years.
US President Woodrow Wilson

24. Total war WWI became a total war.
A total war is when countries devote all of their resources to the war effort.
The entire force of the government was dedicated to winning the conflict.

25. War production
Numerous facilities were converted to munitions factories.
Every able-bodied citizen was put to work.
Unemployment nearly disappeared in some European countries.
Thousands of workers were recruited world-wide to run the factories. (Chinese, Indian, Algerian, Egyptian, etc.)

26. Rationing
People could only buy small amounts of items that were also needed for the war effort.
Rationing covered a wide range of goods, from butter to shoe leather.
Tobacco, coffee, clothing, wheat, imported meats, chocolate, sugar, tea, cheese, eggs etc.

30. Propaganda Censored news about the war
Gave one-sided information to keep up morale and support for the war.
The “War Poster” urged support for the war by painting the enemy as monsters and the allies as heroes.

34. Women
Thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops.
Women built tanks and munitions, plowed fields, paved streets, and ran hospitals.
They also kept troops supplied with food, clothing, and weapons.
Although most women left the work force when the war ended, they changed many people’s views of what women were capable of doing.

38. They even played baseball!

39. Problems in Russia
Russia experienced shortages of food and fuel throughout their involvement in WWI.
Czar Nicholas, faced with prospect of revolution, abdicated his throne on March 15, 1917.
5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner.
The Russians refused to fight any longer.

40. Czar Nicholas II

42. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
8 months later, Communist leader Vladimir Lenin seized the throne.
Lenin insisted on ending Russia’s involvement in WWI.
He offered Germany a truce in 1918, under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the war between them.

43. Vladimir Lenin

44. Russia loses land in treaty
The treaty required Russia to surrender lands to Germany.
Finland
Poland
Ukraine
Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania

45. Signing the Treaty

47. Western Front
Russia’s withdrawal finally allowed Germany to send all of its forces to the Western Front.
March 1918, more than 6,000 cannons opened fire in a massive attack against the Allies in France.
It was the largest attack of the entire war.
They regained the Marne River and headed to Paris.

48. German army is weak
The effort to retake the Marne River had exhausted their men and supplies.
Sensing the weakness, the Allies-with 140,000 fresh American troops - launched a counterattack.
The U.S. soldiers were inexperienced but eager to fight.

49. U.S. Soldiers fought in France during WWI.

50. Allies take control
July 1918, Allies and Germans fought again at Marne.
350 Allied tanks smashed through German lines.
With the arrival of 2 million more American troops, the Allied forces headed toward Germany.
Became known as the Second Battle of Marne.

51. Central Powers Crumble
Bulgaria and Ottoman Turks surrender.
In October, a revolution in Austria-Hungary brought the empire to an end.
In Germany, soldiers mutinied, and the public turned against the Kaiser.

52. WWI Ends November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II was forced to step down.
Germany declared itself a republic.
A representative of the new German government met with the French commander of the Allied forces.
In a railway car in a forest near Paris, the two signed an armistice.
On November 11,1918, WWI ended.

53. Marshal Foch Wilhelm II
Marshal Foch was the Allied French commander that Wilhelm II surrendered to.
Marshal Foch
Wilhelm II

54. ArmisticeTrain
(Hitler also surrendered in the same train car)

56. Forest of Compiegne

57. Celebration on Wall Street After WWI ended.

58. Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in WWI

59. Assessment What was the reason for the Gallipoli Campaign?
To get Supplies to the Russians
Why was Russia’s with drawl from the war devastating for the Allies?
Allowed Germans to focus on Western Front
What effect did American troops have on the war?
Gave Allies fresh reinforcements- won the war

60. On Your map: Label: countries Allied Powers Central Powers
Battle of Marne
Battle of Verdun
Battle of Somme and
Gallipoli Campaign
If time, color appropriately, and make map key