1. Rise of European Monarchies

2. Invasions, settlements, and influence of migratory groups Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe.

3. Areas of settlement Angles and Saxons migrated from continental Europe to England. Magyars migrated from Central Asia to Hungary. Vikings migrated from Scandinavia to Russia.

5. Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system. Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened.

7. So, How did invasions by the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influence the development of Europe?

8. European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period.

9. During the early medieval period, kings were rulers only in name--they had very little power in the 1100’s, many monarchs in Europe began building powerful states with powerful governments

10. Medieval England England was repeatedly invaded by Germanic tribes from the 400’s until the 1000’s – Angles, Saxons, and Jutes – Danes, Vikings one king was able to help England defend itself from Viking invasion in the 800’s--King Alfred the Great (871-899)

11. Alfred was an active learner, founding schools and hiring translators to translate books Alfred also commissioned a history of England to be created--Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

12. King Alfred

13. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle was continuously updated for 250 years England did not fare so well after Alfred’s death--his successors were very weak 1066: England will be invaded and change hands after King Edward dies – after Edward’s death, three (3) persons in Europe lay claim to the English throne

14. Norman Invasion William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England. William, Duke of Normandy was one man who claimed to be the next king of England – he was a cousin to King Edward and a vassal to the king of France William assembled a large force of men (6,000) and set sail for England Harold Godwinson was another claiming the throne

15. Norman Invasion Harold and William fought over the throne at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 – William wins the battle and the throne – he becomes King William I of England – he will also be called William the Conqueror

16. *Although king of England, William still wants to keep the loyalty of his Norman vassals back in France to keep their loyalty, he gives them land that once belong to Anglo-Saxon churches and nobles William also sets up a new system of tax collection

17. to get an accurate estimate of how much tax he could collect, he commissioned a census to count every person, farm, town, farm animal, etc. in England--a 1st for Europe--Doomsday Book *1066: The Year of Conquest & Making of England: 6th Edition

18. William the Conqueror

19. William will start a new dynasty of rulers in England Henry I (1100-1135): William’s grandson – Henry I greatly increases the power of the monarch – he created a system of royal courts--he was known as the “Lion of Justice” Henry II (1154-1189): he was the grandson of Henry I – he will continue to improve on the judicial system

20. Henry II establishes common law--law that applied to everyone Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II. he set up a grand jury to meet with judges – this grand jury gave names to judges of suspected criminals he also created a petit jury used to find the guilt or innocence of a person who was on trial he will restructure England’s military he will improve England’s tax system

21. Henry ran into problems with the Catholic Church in England Henry had appointed one of his friends-Thomas Beckett--as archbishop of Canterbury – Henry does this as a way to get a powerful friend into the Church Eventually, Henry II will order his friend to be murdered – Beckett does not back Henry when Henry tries to keep others from taking the throne--thus Beckett is murdered

22. The rulers that followed Henry were not as strong as he his sons--Richard I and John – John loses English land to the French – John does many things that anger the people--raising taxes – 1215--the angry English force John to sign the Magna Carta – the Magna Carta was a charter that placed limits on the king’s power

23. What the Magna Carta did: 1.) the king could not raise taxes without the consent of the Great Council 2.) outlawed imprisonment without a fair trial by one’s peers

24. Another important facet of English government will arise in the late 1100 and early 1200’s--Parliament the rise of Parliament was hinged on the rising middle class in England – this middle class made their money from business, not farming the king of England--Henry III--added knights and townspeople to the Great Council, eventually called Parliament Parliament soon included members from the clergy, nobles, and townspeople--making Parliament almost a direct representation of the English people

25. In the 15th century (1400’s) Parliament will have been divided into two houses or chambers: 1.) House of Lords: -nobles and clergy 2.) House of Commons: -knights and townspeople

26. Henry II Richard I John

27. France France will also develop a very strong monarchy during the Medieval Period France’s government, however, will not be like the representative government that had been created in England

28. French lands will break up during the time period before the 1000’s each of these lands was ruled by different lords who were independent of each other 987: Hugh Capet will seize the throne of France

29. the dynasty created by Capet would last for 300 years this dynasty greatly strengthened the French monarchy by slowly making the French lords come under the kings’ control Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France.

30. Hugh Capet

33. 1100’s: As the French monarchs became more powerful, the number of French towns increase 1108: King Louis VI becomes king – he will use the French townspeople to help strengthen the royal government – he gave townspeople and members of the clergy high positions in his court

34. Louis VI also gave towns the right to govern themselves--making the towns no longer under feudal obligations the townspeople were now loyal to the king, not the feudal lords

35. 1180: Phillip II (1180-1223) becomes king of France & doubles its size – he does this through marriage and by retaking land from England he will also take land away from feudal lords he appoints local officials who are loyal to the king – both of the above greatly weaken the power of the feudal lords

36. Philip II

37. 1226: Louis IX becomes king of France he will pass certain laws that further weaken the feudal lords – royal courts had power over the feudal courts – only the king had the right to mint coins – he banned private wars and certain weapons Louis IX was also very religious – he was made a saint in 1297 – he was a very moral and chivalrous king

38. Phillip IV (aka. Phillip the Fair) also strengthened the power of the French king – he gained even more territory for France by defeating both Flanders and England – he began taxing the clergy – he created the Estates-General--composed of nobles, clergy, and townspeople French kings will have almost absolute power in France

39. Holy Roman Empire France and England were becoming very strong states during the Middle Ages the HRE (modern day Germany), however, still stayed very weak the HRE was heavily entangled in the politics of the Pope and Italy

40. In the 1000 and 1100, German kings posed real threats to the Pope’s power King Otto I will try to take over parts of Italy 961: Otto is able to take over Lombardy, a province in Italy 962: Pope John XII will ask Otto for help in fighting the Romans who were against the pope in return for Otto’s help, Pope John made Otto Emperor of the Romans--Holy Roman Emperor

41. With this new title, Otto and his followers had certain powers – they could approve or disapprove the election of popes the problem with this new power was that the HRE could depose popes while the pope had the right to depose kings--a struggle over who had real power will develop between the HRE and popes

42. Holy Roman Emperors had troubles developing a strong German state because the powerful German princes would not relinquish their power Many civil wars break out in the HRE These wars weaken the power of the Emperors in the HRE

43. 1073: a major dispute occurred between the HRE and the pope Henry IV was HRE and the pope was Pope Gregory VII Pope Gregory outlaws lay investiture--the process of lay kings appointing the clergy – Gregory wanted to free the Church from secular control Henry IV refused to follow the pope because he needed to have power over the bishops to keep power over the feudal lords upon this, Pope Gregory excommunicated and deposed Henry Gregory also tries to get the German nobles to select another ruler

44. Henry will give in to the Pope and traveled to Rome to repent (1077) the struggle between the HRE and the pope will continue until the early 1100’s 1122: the HRE and Pope reach a compromise in the city of Worms, Germany – This meeting stated that the HRE was allowed to name bishops and give bishops land – The Pope, however, had the power to refuse to approve unworthy candidates for bishopship