1. Chapter 1 Lecture Outline
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2. Anatomy and Physiology
The science of our own bodies
Human structure and function, the biology of the human body
Foundation for advanced study in health care, exercise physiology, pathology and other fields related to health and fitness

3. Anatomy - The Study of Form
Observation of surface structure
Cadaver dissection
cutting and separation of organs to study their relationships
Comparative anatomy
study of more than one species to analyze evolutionary trends

4. Dissection- cutting and separation of tissues to reveal their relationships
Anatomy and dissection both mean “cutting apart”

5. Anatomy - The Study of Form
Physical examination
Palpation: feeling a structure w/ the hands
Auscultation: listening to natural sounds
Percussion: examiner taps the body
Gross anatomy
visible with naked eye
Histology
examination of cells with microscope

6. Physiology - The Study of Function
Study of bodily functions
using methods of experimental science
Comparative physiology
study of different species
Basis for the development of new drugs and medical procedures

7. Scientific Knowledge
Inductive Method: process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations from them (anatomy)
Hypothetico-deductive Method: start with hypothesis, make deduction (if, then prediction), experiment, results either support or do not support hypothesis (physiology)

8. Scientific Method

9. Hypothesis Consistent with what is already known
Capable of being tested and possibly falsified by evidence
Falsifiable means that if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong
If nothing could prove it wrong, it is not scientific

10. Is it better to treat seizures immediately or wait until epilepsy is well established?
Early treatment of seizures will result in better seizure control than the same treatment when administered later in the development of epilepsy
Collect data: animal model- produce rats with audiogenic seizures. Treat some with anti seizure meds immediately after first seizure (experimental group 1)
Treat other group later after pattern of seizures is well established (experimental group 2)
Compare both to another untreated group (control)
Why do we need a control group?

11. Experimental Design
Sample Size: adequate sample size controls for chance events and individual variations in response and enables us to place more confidence in the outcome
Controls: Biomedical experiments require comparison between treated and untreated individuals so that we can judge whether the treatment has any effect
Control group: subjects are as much like the treatment group as possible except with respect to the variable being tested

12. Psychosomatic effects: effects of subject’s state of mind on physiology, must control for this
Give control group a placebo (substance with no physiological effect)
Neither group must know which tablet it is getting

13. Experimenter bias
Double-blind method: neither the subject to whom a treatment is given nor the person giving it and recording the results knows whether that subject is receiving the experimental treatment or placebo

14. Statistical testing: How great a difference must there be between experimental and control groups before we feel confident that it was due to treatment and not random variation? Expressed as probability
Peer Review: when scientist applies for research funds or submits work for publication work is subject to peer review- a critical evaluation by other experts in that field. At every stage from planning to postpublication, scientists subject to scrutiny by their colleauges. Mechanism to ensure honesty, objectivity, and quality in science.

15. What makes something alive?

16. Characteristics of Life
High level of Organization
Made of Cells
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Development
Reproduction

17. Hierarchy of complexity

18. Anatomical Variation No 2 humans are exactly alike
variable number of organs
variation in organ locations (situs inversus, dextrocardia, situs perversus)

19. Organ Systems

20. Organ Systems

21. stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
Homeostasis = body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain stable internal conditions
Claude Bernard ( )
stable internal conditions regardless of external conditions
Homeostasis
Walter Cannon ( ) coined the term
fluctuates within limited range around a set point
Loss causes illness or death

22. Feedback Mechanisms Receptor = senses change Afferent Pathway
Control Center
Efferent Pathway
Effector = structures that restore homeostasis

23. Negative Feedback Loop
Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it

24. Negative Feedback, Set Point
Room temperature does not stay at set point of 68 degrees -- it only averages 68 degrees

25. Human Thermoregulation
Brain senses change in blood temperature
if overheating, vessels dilate in the skin and sweating begins
if too cold, vasoconstriction in the skin and shivering begins

26. Control of Blood Pressure
Circulatory stretch receptors
detect a rise in BP
Cardiac center in brainstem
sends out nerve signals
Heart slowed and BP lowered

27. Positive Feedback Loops
Self-amplifying change
leads to change in the same direction
Normal way of producing rapid changes
occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein digestion, and generation of nerve signals

28. Review of Major Themes Cell theory Homeostasis Evolution
activity of cells determine structure and function
Homeostasis
maintaining stable internal conditions
Evolution
our body evolved by natural selection
Hierarchy of structure
levels of complexity
Unity of form and function
physiology is inseparable from anatomy