1. Competitive state anxiety and self- confidence: Intensity and direction as relative predictors of performance on a golf putting task By: Group Two

2. Purpose of Study  Have participants complete the CSAI-2D self-report questionnaire prior to golf- putting task, in order to map the intensity and direction of anxiety and it’s effect on performance.

3. The Hypotheses  Testing the hypothesis described in MAT which is that:  1)Cognitive anxiety will show a negative linear relationship,  2) Somatic anxiety will show and inverted “U” relationship, and  3) Self confidence will show a positive relationship

4. Overview  Twelve experienced undergraduate male golfers participated in a golf putting task  Participants were asked to perform a golf putt from 5 meters away, 15 times (5 being practice shots), in 3 different situations.  Each situation was designed to simulate different anxiety responses.

5. Procedure  1 st putting task: (Day 1) tested alone with experimenter, scores would not be revealed to other participants  Low level of anxiety was predicted  2 nd putting task: (Day 2) participants separated into teams, competed head-to-head, $30.00 cash prize  Moderate level of anxiety predicted  3 rd putting task: (Day 2) participants performed in front of each other, $50.00 cash prize  Highest level of anxiety predicted CSAI-2D was completed prior to every putting task.

6. Results  Hypothesis 1)”Cognitive anxiety will show a negative linear relationship”  The relationship between cognitive intensity and performance in the study was best described as a significantly negative linear equation.  The relationship between cognitive direction and performance in the study was best described as linear

7. Results  Hypothesis 2) “Somatic anxiety will show an inverted ‘U’ relationship”  Somatic anxiety intensity’s relationship with performance was best accounted for by a U-shaped curvilinear equation in the study.

8. Results  Hypothesis 3)” Self confidence will show a positive relationship”  Self-confidence intensity was best described by a positive, linear equation in the study.  Therefore, the results of the study support all three hypothesis described by MAT.

9. Construct Validity  Cause Construct  3 Anxiety conditions  Effect Construct  Anxiety survey  Putting performance

10. Strengths and Weaknesses  Strengths  High internal consistency in surveys  High predictive validity  Putter  Weakness  Survey didn’t show directional aspect validation  Putter  Synthetic mat

11. Internal Validity  Study Design  O 1 X 1 O 2 O 1 X 2 O 2 O 1 X 3 O 2  O 1 = Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2(D)  Measures state anxiety intensity and direction on:  Cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self- confidence  O 2 = Measurement between ball and target  X 1 = 15 putts alone  X 2 = Team competition  X 3 = One-on-one competition

12. Internal Validity  Not searching for causal relationship  Rather, seeing how the measurements related to performance  Situations don’t accurately reflect competitive scenario  No break in between sessions on day two

13. External Validity  Non-random, convenient sample  12 experienced, undergraduate male golfers  All from one English university  All participants volunteered for the study

14. To Whom Are They Generalizing?  People : Study is generalizing to participants in individual sports (i.e. golf and bowling).  Setting : Three different types of sessions 1) Putting Individually 2) Putting head to head 3) Putting in team atmosphere  Time : Results are not specific to a certain time period, can be used in future instances  Anxiety will always be a part of Sport

15. Problems with Sample  We would have liked to have seen other individual sports represented in the sample  For instance, a tennis player’s anxiety might have manifested in a different fashion compared to a golfer’s anxiety  We have an issue with the ALL MALE sample  Adding women could have affected the results  Women could have higher anxiety levels than men leading to skewed results

16. Problems with Sample Cont’d  All participants are from the SAME university  Are they on the golf team? Taught the same coping mechanisms for anxiety?  All of the participants are Volunteers  This could have affected the results:  Are all participants over-confident? Struggle with anxiety?