1. Middle Ages and Renaissance

2. Catafalque (HAFD page 57) “raised platform (with or without a canopy) used for a body to lie in state”

3. Catafalque President Ronald Reagan lying “in state”

4. Anglo-Saxon Funeral bier or hearse with book of the Gospels and Cross pall placed over decedent and “symbols” Priests bearing lighted candles and chanting family and friends followed (Plate 11 page 69) evening: night spent in prayer morning: Requiem Mass soul shot: “mortuary fee paid to insure entrance of the decedent’s soul into heaven”

5. Funeral for Rich Englishmen (Following Norman Conquest of 1066) HAFD page 59 bells tolled at moment of death funeral would last up to a week decedent embalmed and anointed shrouded in linen and laid in state (3 days) candles (up to 400) sealed in a leaden coffin and brought to church Requiem Mass “Funeral Baked Meats”

6. Constantine’s Edict of Toleration (313 AD) HAFD page 60 burial within city walls Christians worshipped in churches Christians buried near their churches Constantine buried in vestibule: “sepulture in church” became widespread churchyard burial for “overflow”

7. 10 th – 18 th Century HAFD page 61 intramural burial became a nuisance churches and churchyards becoming overcrowded use of incense and myrrh Black Death (14 th Century): killed 2/3 - ¾ of the population of England uncoffined burial

8. Edward the Confessor 1004-1066 King of England from 1042-1066 Entombed at Westminster Abbey

9. Purgatorial Doctrine HAFD page 64 “Catholic belief that those whose souls are not perfectly cleansed undergo a process of cleansing before they enter heaven.” fraternities, guilds, brotherhoods, leagues of prayer

10. Readings Question #1 What were the duties of the “Steward of the Guild” and the “Death Crier”? Plate 12 HAFD page 70

11. The Wake HAFD page 65 “vigil of the dead” 1008- 1012: riotous behavior, drinking and dancing 14 th Century: “rousing the ghost”

12. Readings Question #2 The wake served as an occasion for praying for the dead. What were some of the other functions of the wake? What is the “communion with the dead”?

13. Effigy HAFD page 66 “a lifesized, waxen recreation (dummy) of the deceased; often used at state funerals because the body of the deceased should be present for the funeral, but could not be preserved for that length of time”

14. Wax Effigy of Sarah Hare (1744) Hare Mausoleum in Stow Bardolph England

15. Sepulchral Monuments HAFD page 67 earliest were stone coffins effigy tops of tombs rose above the floor canopy increase in size placed at the east end of the church or separate chapels

16. The Plagues HAFD page 68 6 th Century AD Bubonic Plague: 542 Black Death: 14 th Century Great Plague of London: 1664 – 1665 1547: no burial from 6:00 p.m. – 6:00 a.m. 1665: reversed trench burial

17. Coffined Burial HAFD page 71 kofinos (Greek) arca or loculus (Roman) 695: English stone coffins 6 th century: wood coffin 1066-1166: leather, bull’s hide generally coffins reserved for the wealthy and important

18. 15 th Century HAFD page 74 public funerals for the rising middle class increased costs for funerals

19. Readings Question #3 What was the purpose of the burial clubs? What would they provide? What were the duties of the club members?

20. Linen to Wool Shroud HAFD page 75 cerecloth expanding paper industry Burial in Woolen Act of 1666: “required that woolen cloth be substituted for linen in the shroud and lining of the coffin; heavy fines were assessed for violation; it was not repealed until 1814”

21. Mourning Clothes HAFD page 76 “weed” mourning colors: brown: Persians and Abyssinians light blue: Armenians and Syrians white: Chinese white: early Rome and Middle Ages

22. Widow barbe

23. “Widow’s Weeds” 1666 Margaret of Spain (Empress of Austria)

24. Local Customs HAFD page 78 Protestants: sprinkle earth Jews: bag of earth, mourners fill in grave Irish: sprinkle “blessed” earth England: rosemary Clergy: buried with feet toward the East Wales: east wind = “Wind of the Dead Men’s Feet”

25. Preoccupation with “Physical” Side of Death HAFD page 81 executed prisoners suspended from trees “songs of death” statues and woodcuts displayed putrefaction morality plays (Plate 15 page 89) death dance death was commonplace less focus on “spiritual” nature of death tremendous fear of dying

26. Sexton HAFD page 82 the result of churchyard burials underofficer of the church cared for church property, rang the bells and dug the graves

27. Readings Question #4 HAFD page 83 What is independent heart burial? What is visceral embalming? King Edward I (1272 – 1307): Queen Eleanore’s body deposited in 3 tombs

28. Independent Bone Burial HAFD page 84 Bodies of the wealthy cut up, boiled and bones extracted Bones placed in chest and returned home Soft tissue buried with ceremony near the place of death Hundred Years War (1337-1453) Embalming in the Middle Ages will be taught in Embalming I.

29. Readings Question #5 HAFD page 91 What influence did the Reformation have on Christian funeral beliefs and practices? Describe the Protestant funeral and interment service following the Reformation. Martin Luther (1483-1546) Counter Reformation of the Catholic Church