6. SHANGHAI RANKINGS

7. SHANGHAI RANKINGS 301 – 400 sample institutions

8. 51-75 sample institutions

9. 101-150 sample institutions

10. SHANGHAI RANKINGS

11. Top 500 country distribution SHANGHAI RANKINGS

12. TIMES HIGHER EDUCATION (THE)

17. Top 10 Institutions

18. Listed Indian institutions

22. University of Cambridge - ???

23. Measuring and Assessing Science Academic Science (Uncertain utility) Applied Science (Clear goals and targets) “Success in the laboratory does not always translate into success in the market place”

24. Assessing Scientific Activity 1.Personal Judgments (Informed or prejudiced) 2.Impersonal Quantitation (“Scientometrics”) Scientometrics “ The study of the measurement of scientific and technological progress” “Citation Indexes for science: A new dimension in documentation through association of ideas” - E.Garfield Science 122, 108-111 (1955) Science Citation Index Web of Science

25. Science, Scientists and Scientometrics Man is an Animal that writes Letters – Charles Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) Scientists are animals who like to publish papers Science Publishing Journals Quality Assessing Science Author or Reader Cost “ Open Access ” Digital

26. HISTORY Current Contents Science Citation Index Web of Science (Links to the literature) Print /CD /on-line Eugene Garfield Citation Indexes for Science: A New Dimension in Documentation through Association of Ideas Garfield, E., Science, 1955, 122, 108-111 “The new bibliographic tool, like others that already exist, is just a starting point in literature research. It will help in many ways, but one should not expect it to solve all our problems”

27. Total 175 million items Cited : 33 million Only 18 % of all published material is cited at least once O Citations : 82.00 % <10 Citations : 16.02 % Only 2 % of all published work is cited at least 10 times 1945 - 1988

28. Protein Estimation Rank : 3 Citations : 107,583 Bradford M. M. Anal. Biochem, 1976 RAPID AND SENSITIVE METHOD FOR QUANTITATION OF MICROGRAM QUANTITIES OF PROTEIN UTILIZING PRINCIPLE OF PROTEIN-DYE BINDING Rank : 1 Citations : 275,669 Lowry et al. JBC, 1951 PROTEIN MEASUREMENT WITH THE FOLIN PHENOL REAGENT

29. Rank : 23 Citations : 20,120 Fiske, SubbaRow JBC, 1925 The colorimetric determination of phosphorus Phosphate Estimation

30. Recognition and Impact of Methods Citation counts Widely used laboratory procedures (Lowry, Laemlli, Southern……) Science is often driven by new technology rather than by new concepts - FREEMAN DYSON Nobel prizes Conceptual advance resulting in a powerful instrumental technique (X- Ray diffraction, NMR, Mass Spectrometry………..) Gene cloning, DNA sequencing, PCR………

31. “Who wrote this paper anyway”? - J. Hoey Can.Med.Ass.J. 2000, 163:716 Pancreatic extracts in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Preliminary report F.G. Banting, C.H. Best, J.B. Collip, W.R. Campbell and A.A. Fletcher Can.Med.Ass.J. 1922, 22:141 “Discovery of Insulin” 1922 – Nobel Prize in Medicine F.G. Banting and John Macleod “ … The corollary of credit is the ability to take responsibility for what is written. These are the twin attributes of authorship”

32. ‘h index’ : Comparing Performance An index to quantify an individual’s scientific research output J.E. Hirsch arXiv : physics/0508025 23 Aug 2005 PNAS | November 15, 2005 | vol. 102 | no. 46 | 16569-16572 “A scientist has index h if h of his/her N p papers have at least h citations each and the other (N p – h) papers have fewer than h citations each”. N p -total number of papers over n years N c j -number of citations for each paper j N c, tot -total number of papers N c, tot = ah 2 “Empirically, ‘a’ ranges from 3 to 5” “h is preferable to other single number criteria commonly used to evaluate scientific output of a researcher”.

33. ‘…….the growth of science is dependent upon an accumulation of many “mediocre” results that are produced by hard work’….. ….‘Long live the mediocrities. Without them how could there be geniuses?’ Garfield, E., Current Contents Nov. 4, 1970; Essay of an Information Scientist, ISI Press, Philadelphia, 1977, p. 131

35. Measures for measures S. Lehmann, A. D. Jackson and B. E. Lautrup Nature, Vol. 444, 1003, 2006 (Dec 21/28) “There have been few attempts to discover which of the popular citation measures is best and whether any are statistically reliable.” “ Institutions have a misguided sense of the fairness of decisions reached by algorithm ; unable to measure what they want to maximize (quality), they will maximize what they can measure”

36. 36 Affiliated College: Undergraduate teaching Autonomous College: Undergraduate and Postgraduate teaching University: Affiliation centre Postgraduate teaching Research Research Institutions: Postgraduate teaching Research National Laboratories: Research (CSIR, DAE, ICMR, ICAR…) Deemed Universities: Degree granting device Deemed and Customized Universities: Dept. Atomic Energy (DAE), Dept. of Space, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) CSIR Academy Higher education: Taxonomy

37. 37 Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) Student Selection Placement Performance Alumni Industry - Interface Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) Student Selection Undergraduate Engineering Education Post-graduate Teaching / Research Alumni ……. “ Brand Equity” IIT Review 2004 Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Post-graduate Teaching / Research Science and Engineering Faculty Research Emphasis / PhD degrees Life Sciences Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) – Pune / Kolkata…. Undergraduate Science Education in a Research Ambience

38. 38 1997

39. 39 Pasteur's Quadrant Bohr Pasteur Use Inspired Research Fundamental Research Edison Average Academic and Industrial R & D

40. 40 “Edison never allowed himself or those working with him………..five minutes to consider the underlying side of the significance of what they were discovering in their head long rush to commercial illumination. Edison himself one night heated up a filament in a vacuum and observed what is now known in American physics as Edison’s effect because he wrote it down in his note book……….if he had tried to consider its more fundamental implications, he might have shared the Nobel prize with J. J. Thomson for discovering the electron, but he went right on”. Donald Stokes, 1994

41. 41 Administrative flexibility Financial Resources IDEAL Extending Stokes Diagram

42. 42 IDEAL UNIVERSITIES MOST INSTITUTIONS Academic Space Teaching Research Pathways for Directed Evolution

43. 43 D C B A BARRIER Rate of Transformation Barrier height Constant ~ e~ e _ Pathways for Reform AD Dangers of Reversibility

44. 44 Transformation (Reform, Restructuring) BARRIER Factors contributing to barrier height : * Academic Faculty * Administrative Structure * Public Will / Political Ambience

45. 45 Higher Education and Research in India 1857 Universities: Calcutta, Bombay, Madras Training of graduates for government service 1876 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta Mahendralal Sircar (Father LaFont) 1913: C.V.Raman, 1928: Raman Effect 1896 J.N.Tata Endowment (Rs. 30, 00, 000) Request to government: £ 5000 per year Curzon on the Tata Scheme (1901): “…..appears to have no relation either to charity, or to suffering or to the Queen or to 300 million of India.” Deepak Kumar, Ind. J. Hist. Sci., 19, 253-260 (1984) 1909 Vesting order for establishing Indian Institute of Science

46. 46 Research Universities Harvard, Stanford, Berkeley, Cambridge, Oxford ………. Faculty and Student Scholarship Indian Models Kolkata, Madras, Delhi, Banaras, Allahabad …….. Pre-independence : Primarily Teaching Post-independence : 1950s – 1960s ---- Surge of Research 1970s ---- Accelerating Decay of Research Specialist Institutions versus the Broad – Based Institutions Small or Large ?? Models

47. “ The worlds chief and greatest discoveries have been made by those who had or have to teach…….Educational institutions still furnish the best laboratories for research. Pure research institutions have only recently come into existence” ………………. Mahendra Lal Sircar 23 rd Annual Meeting Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Calcutta, August 30, 1900 “Gleaning of the Past and the Science Movement “ A.K. Biswas, Asiatic Society, 2000 (p412) “People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors” …………………..Edmund Burke (1790) Reflections on the Revolution in France

48. 48 Governance - Institution Building - Consolidation - Expansion / Modernization Faculty / Student Performance - Evaluation - Carrot and Stick (Tenure and Rewards) Research Facilities - Funding - Development Corpus Promoting Scholarship - Academic Debate - Participatory Governance - Interdisciplinary Dialogue Creating an Ambience

49. 49 Students Trained / Degrees Awarded Performance of Alumni Research Papers Published Impact Intellectual Property Patents / Technology Transfer Licensing / Royalty Income Resources Generated Magnitude of Corpus Parameters of Institutional Performance The Role of Private Philanthropy Public – Private Partnership