1. 35-2 Cnidaria and Ctenophora
· 2 phyla of radially symmetrical invertebrates.
· More complex than sponges
*have tissues and some simple organs.
· All are aquatic.
Most live in the oceans.

2. Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians)
Freshwater hydra
Jellyfish
Coral

3. Freshwater Hydra
Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics & You - Olympus MIC-D: Pond Life Digital Movie Gallery - Hydra (Coelenterata)

4. Jellyfish

5. Coral

6. Body Structures · 2 forms ( stages of life)
*V shape polyp: sessile, like sponge
*Bell shape medusa: swimming form p

7. Medusa and Polyp

8. Body Structures *epidermis: outer layer of cells
· 2 cell layers (also known as germ layers)
*epidermis: outer layer of cells
*gastrodermis: inner layer of cells
· Mesoglea: jellylike substance between layers
· Gastrovascular cavity: hollow gut
· Mouth: single opening
Tentacles: flexible extensions around mouth

9. Feeding and Defense · All have cnidocytes
*Specialized cells for defense and capturing prey.
*Each cnidocyte has a nematocyst, which has a long filament coiled inside it.
*When cnidocyte is “triggered”, the nematocyst pushes filament out: capture prey with poison then tentacles push prey into gastrovascular cavity through the mouth. Enzymes digest the food, lining of gut absorbs nutrients. The waste products out through mouth.

10. Cnidocyte
To the right is a nematocyst prior to firing and after.  You can see the stinging portion which would embedded in the skin.

11. Nervous System *No brain.
*Nerve net is a diffuse web of nerve cells.
*No brain.
*Enables cnidarians to respond to stimuli in the environment.
*Coordinates feeding and traveling.

12. Classification 3 classes under the phylum Cnidaria.
1.   Hydrozoa: medusa form or polyp form or both.
2.   Scyphozoa: most of life as medusa form.
3. Anthozoa: only as polyp form.

13. 1. Class Hydrozoa
· 3,700 species (fresh water and salt water which means marine habitats)
·Live as colonial organisms
Exs:
A.Obelia: all polyp forms
B. Portuguese Man-of-War: live as a colony of polyps and medusa forms
C. Fresh water hydra

14. Obelia

15. Portuguese Man-of-War

16. Hydra ·Only as polyp forms ·Not colonial ·1 to 4 cm in length
·Most are white or brown, some green because of symbiotic algae that live in it.
·Attach to rocks or water plants in ponds
Can move from one place to another

17. Asexual Reproduction
Done by buds during warm weather

18. Sexual Reproduction · Only in the fall when temperatures are cool
· Eggs produced in ovaries
· Sperm produced in testes
· Either male or female or hermaphrodite
Fertilized egg develops into embryo which then forms into new hydra

19. 2. Class Scyphozoa · Dominant life form is medusa · 200 species
· Cup animals
· Dominant life form is medusa
· 200 species
· Jellyfish (Aurelia)
2 cm to 4 m

20. Life Cycle of Jellyfish

21. 3. Class Anthozoa · 6,100 marine species ·Sea anemones and corals
· Flower animals
· 6,100 marine species
·Sea anemones and corals
Only in polyp form

22. Sea Anemones · Attach to rocks in coastal areas
· Feed on fish and smaller animals that come near their tentacles
· One exception: the clownfish has a symbiotic relationship with the anemone. The tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from predators and the clownfish drives away other fish that would eat the anemone.

23. Corals ·Live in colonies
Cements its calcium carbonate skeleton to each other. When it dies, other polyps continue to live on this foundation. Thousands of years later, a coral reef is formed, but only the top layer is living. This coral reef provides food and shelter for fish and other invertebrates. Coral reefs are usually in shallow depths, and in warm, clear waters. The coral reefs have symbiotic algae that live in them. This is one reason why they are in shallow depths, so that the algae can photosynthesize.

24. Corals

25. Corals

26. Phylum Ctenophora · Comb holders *comb-like rows of cilia
· 100 marine species
· Comb holders
*comb-like rows of cilia
*look like jellyfish, so sometimes called comb jellies

27. Difference from Cnidarians
· Do not pulsate through water but use cilia to move
· Do not have cnidocytes but have colloblasts, which secrete sticky substance, which sticks to prey.
· Have sensory structure called apical organ at one end of body.
· Most are hermaphrodites
· They are bioluminescent which means they are able to produce light.

28. Comb Jellies

29. Review p , 21-25 ?