1. Overview 1.Burka Band 2.Country Profile 3.State- and nationbuilding (historical overview) 4.Core functions 5.Characteristics

2. Afghanistan The Burka Band

3. ........... my mother wears blue jeans now, and i am so surprised; the things are changing faster, i don´t know if it´s right......

4. Übersicht Afghanistan

5. Afghanistan Country Profile Population: 31.056.997 (July 2006) Capital: Kabul Religion: 99% Muslim Literacy: 36% Life expectancy: 43.34 years Head of State: Hamid KARZAI

6. Analysis state- and nationbuilding 19th century: Colonialism 1923: Monarchy 1978-1989:Afghanistan under sovjet rule 1989-2001:Afghanistan und the rule of Taliban 2001-2006:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

7. 19th Century Colonialism Colonialism between Great Britain and UdSSR – two external Actors – 1919 Independent from Great Britain Afghanistan signed a treaty of friendship with the new government in Russia in 1921

8. Afghanistan partly constitutional Monarchy – 1923 Efforts to reform Afghanistan British interest in Afghanistan largely ended with Indian independence in 1947 In the 50th influence of UdSSR increase King Zahir Shah removes Daoud as Prime Minister and creates a contitutional Monarchy In 1973 Daoud leads a coup to overthrow the King and install himself as president

9. 1978 – 1989 Afghanistan under the Soviet rule 1978 – The Great Revolution In 1979 – The UdSSR begann a massive Military airlift into Kabul Taraki – President of Afghanistan – proclaims the Nation „Socialist“ After the Revolution - The Democratik Republik of Afghanistan In summer 1979 – massive aid from USA – to induce UdSSR to invade Afghanistan

10. Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Iran – external Actors- prepared anti-regime forces 1988 – Agreement between Afghanistan, U.S., Pakistan – for full Soviet withdrawal 1989 UdSSR and U.S. agreed to stop support 1991 1978 – 1989 Afghanistan under the Soviet rule

11. 1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban After the departure of the Soviet troops 1988/89- the war was questionable in the Population The Mujahidin refuse to allow any other ethnic tribe to control the Nation In 1992 - Afghanistan was thrown into the Civil War Afghanistan was under the control of different coalitions of Mujahidin groups

12. Guerilla's Leader Masoud received order by the Guerilla leader in Peshawar to secure Kabul The Government handed over power to the Mujahidin In 1994 the Taliban movement is created among former Mujahidin with the support of Pakistan 1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban

13. In September 1996 the Taliban took the capital Kabul In 1997 the Taliban controlled Afghanistan completely The Taliban – First let the poppy fields burn, but soon took up the drug export again 1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban

14. 11 September 2001 – New York`s World Trade Towers and Pentagon – Osama bin Laden Résumé - Lack of a legitim government - Lack of Security - Lack of Human Rights 1989 – 2001 Afghanistan under the rule of the Taliban

15. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan 2001-2006 9/11 Refusal of the Taliban to expel BIN LADEN October/01: International Alliance started bombing Afghanistan November/01: Fall of the Taliban December/01: Bonn agreement

16. Democratization Bonn agreement Government consists of: –Warlords/Mujaheddin –„west oriented“ politicians

17. Democratization? Attention: Is democratization possible?  Obstacles: lack of human rights and security destroyed infrastructure no economy lack of any political system  Different interests by different forces!

18. Democratization? Warlords/ Mujaheddin: Territory soverignty/independent from the government Drug/gun trafficking/ partly Taliban Hamid Karzai: realization of the interests of U.N.  Low acceptance by the citizens

19. State-/ Violence ExternalInternal U.S/U.NNew Afghan National Army (ANA) Afghan National Police (ANP) (trained by external actors of force) NATO/ISAFWarlords/Mujaheddin

20. Socio/-oeconomic situation Agricultur/ mostly Opium cultivaton: 87% of the world supply Weak economy Low average level of education

21. SecurityWelfareRule of Law -security: different actors, no monopoly by the government -internal and external threats -drug/gun trafficking - refugees intrastate - homing refugees from borderlands -weak borders - poor state - high unemployment rates -general lack of infrastructure, health and educational systems -low living standards -clientelism and corruption + stabilized medcare/ infrastructure in some regions -repression in different regions - irregularities of elections -huge corruption - abuse of human rights - weak governmental system in the regions -widespread impunity for war crimes -+/--

22. Afghanistan is a failed state Military success vs. Nation building Different Interests: U.S./NATO: military base in middle asia? Warlords: don´t want to share their power Borderlands: profits from gun/drug trafficking strengthening the power of islamic fundamentalist Characteristics

23. „Solution/ Main Point“ SECURITY FIRST