1. The United States: New Imperial Power? When did U.S empire start? Westward expansion and “manifest destiny”? The Monroe Doctrine? [1823] Expansion beyond the continent? 1867: Alaska 1875: Hawaii 1899: Philippines, Guam, PR, Cuba

2. The Monroe Doctrine 1823 A warning to European powers to stay out of the Western Hemisphere Became the justification for interventions in Central and South America

4. “Greater America” “An American Lake”

5. The Americas in the Age of Independence: Key Points Manifest Destiny: Territorial Expansion Conflicts with Indigenous Peoples Constitutional Issues in N.Am.-Civil War, states rights Constitutional Issues in Latin Am: how to govern, the caudillos Economic Development in N. America: industrialism, immigration Economic colonialism and dependency in Latin America.

6. 1895-1941

10. The Spanish-American War 1898-99 U.S. supported anti- colonial efforts against Spain in PR and Cuba 1898 Maine exploded in Havana harbor U.S. defeated Spain and took control of PR, Cuba, Philippines, Guam Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish-American War

11. See RGH #24: “The March of the Flag”

13. Japan: from nearly colonized to colonizer Commodore Matthew Perry sent to Japan 1853 Returned to Japan 1854 Japan signed “unequal treaties” with the U.S., Britain, others 1868 samurai government fell “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians.” Commodore Matthew Perry

14. A gift from Perry The “Black Ships”

15. The “Meiji Restoration” In thirty years, Japan Industrialized Created a modern military Established a national education system Created a modern infrastructure “Modernized” politics and society “Westernization with anti- Western objectives.” See RGH #31, #33, and #34 “Goodbye Asia”

17. Meiji Reforms “Civilization and Enlightenment” Abolish Shogun and Samurai New Land Tax system – private property Conscript Army – western weapons Education Reforms “Ye, our subjects, be filial to your parents...pursue learning and cultivate arts, and thereby develop your intellectual faculties...advance the public good, always respect the constitution...should any emergency arise, offer yourselves courageously to the State; and thus guard and maintain the propsperity of our Imperial Throne, coeval with heaven and earth.” »I»Imperial Rescript (See RGH p. 195)

18. Meiji Constitution “a gift from the Emperor” it “restored” the ancient form of Japanese rule. modeled on the German constitution military had direct access to the Emperor, could bypass parliament all government measures would be passed “on the basis of general opinion” by “men of ability”

19. Industrialization “Rich County, Strong Military” Characteristics –I–It was rapid – 40 years –N–Nationalistic goals –S–Strong government involvement –S–Strategic market share – 1/3 on defense, railroads –E–Export-based – silk textile industry –“–“Yankee samurai” – Japan controls, foreigners “on tap, not on top” –Z–Zaibatsu (cartels) created –C–Communitarian capitalism

20. East Meets West

21. “Enlightened man” “Half-enlightened man” “Unenlightened man”

22. How the Japanese emperor got new clothes… Meiji Emperor, 1860s

23. Meiji Emperor, 1872

24. East Meets West “If one observes carefully what is going on in today’s world, one knows the futility of trying to prevent the onslaught of Western civilization. Why not float with them in the same ocean of civilization, sail the same waves, and enjoy the fruits and endeavors of civilization?” Fukuzawa Yukichi in “Goodbye Asia”

25. The Sino-Japanese War 1895-96 Japan went to war with China in Korea over influence over Korea Japan won: –Unequal treaty with China –Taiwan became Japan’s first colony

26. The Russo-Japanese War 1904-05 Japan went to war with Russia over Korea and Manchuria Japan won: –Influence in Manchuria –Korea became Japanese colony The first Asian country to defeat a Western power

27. Asia by 1914….

28. Comparing China and Japan China was a larger “target” of colonizing efforts Japan was much smaller and able to unify itself against outside threat Japan’s emperor became a symbol of modernization; China’s became a symbol of backwardness

29. Anti-colonial nationalism National identity based on opposition to colonial rule “In almost all cases the leaders of [anti-colonial movements] were European-educated elites who absorbed Enlightenment values and then turned those values into an attack on European colonial rule in foreign lands.” TE Ho Chi Minh Gandhi