1. Renaissance Art By S.Z.

2. About Raphael: (April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520) Raphael was an Italian painter and architect. His father, Giovanni Santi, was also a painter in Urbino. He was orphaned at eleven. His first documented work was an altarpiece for the church of San Nicola of Tolentino. It was finished in 1501. In 1504 he went to Florence, and studied the work of Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. He spent four years there but worked in other places as well. In 1508, he moved to Rome and was immediately hired by Julius II to paint rooms at his palace at the Vatican. In 1514 he was named the architect of St Peter's. A lot of his work there was changed after his death, but he designed other buildings and was most important architect and painter in Rome. The School of Athens by Raphael About the work of art: The School of Athens is one of the most famous paintings by Raphael. It was painted between 1509 and 1510 as part of Raphael's job to decorate (with frescoes) the rooms in the Apostolic Palace. The painting was positioned over the philosophical section of the library of Pope Julius II, so it shows the greatest philosophers, scientists and mathematicians of the time. Plato and Aristotle are standing in the center of the painting at the top of the steps. Plato is pointing upwards towards Heaven and Aristotle is pointing towards the earth. Diogenes is lying on the steps in front of them to show that he “despised all material wealth and the lifestyle associated with it.” To the left of the picture is a big stone block which symbolizes St. Peter, or Christ. There is a man leaning on the block that is Heraclites; but is meant to be Michelangelo. In 1510, Raphael went into the Sistine Chapel to view Michelangelo work on it. He was so amazed at his work that Raphael put Michelangelo into his art. Raphael painted a portrait of his self in the lower-right of the picture.

3. Crucifixion by Bernardo Daddi Creation Start Date: 1326 Creation End Date: 1328 Creation Date: before 1328 Object Type: Paintings Materials and Techniques: Tempera on panel Bernardo Daddi - He became one of the major painters in Florence after the death of his teacher, Giotto. Daddi became the leading painter of Florence during his generation. He directed a workshop that specialized in small panels and portable altarpieces. One of his works was for the Church of Ognissanti in1328. His style was much like his teacher’s (Giotto). He was also influenced by the Sienese art of Lorenzetti. His last work dates about 1347, and many believe that he died the next year.

4. Vitruvian Man, c.1492 by Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man" is a correlation of the symmetry of the human body with the symmetry of the universe. It was crafted in pen and ink on paper, and related upon this concept by symbolizing “the material existence with a square and the spiritual plane with a circle.” It contains 16 different poses. Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, and writer. He was born and raised in Italy, and the son of, Messer Piero, and a peasant woman, Caterina. He was considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time. Leonardo had come up with ideas that were ahead of his time, such as helecopters, solar power, and calculators. He advanced the knowledge in the fields of anatomy, astronomy, civil engineering, optics, and the study of water.

5. The Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, musician, and writer. He was born and raised in Italy, and the son of, Messer Piero, and a peasant woman, Caterina. He was considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time. Leonardo had come up with ideas that were ahead of his time, such as helecopters, solar power, and calculators. He advanced the knowledge in the fields of anatomy, astronomy, civil engineering, optics, and the study of water. Mona Lisa, also known as La Gioconda (La Joconde), is a 16th century oil painting on wood. It is one of the most famous paintings in the world. It is now owned by the French government where it hangs in the Musée du Louvre in Paris. The painting, which is a half- length portrait, details a woman whose gaze stares into the viewer's “with an expression often described as enigmatic.”

6. Virgin and Child with St. Anne by Andrea Sansovino In Sanaovino’s sculpture, the face of the Virgin makes a young Roman matron that relates to a religious time. Andrea Sansovino (1467 - 1529) Andrea Sansovino was born in Monte San Savino. His sculptures are located in Florence, but a lot of his famous works were created in Rome. From 1513 to 1527, Sansovino was working as the head sculptor for the shrine of the Holy House. He was the leading Venetian sculptor of the Renaissance. Sansovino's work was ultimately derived from Leonardo da Vinci’s work.

7. Bacchus, 1510 by Jacopo Sansovino JACOPO SANSOVINO (1477-1570) Italian sculptor, he was called Sansovino after his master Andrea. He became Andrea’s student in 1500, and in 1510 accompanied him to Rome, where he studied antique sculpture. Julius II employed him to restore damaged statues. He carved a nude figure of "Bacchus." Sansovino's architectural works have much beauty of proportion and grace. His carvings were considered always beautiful.

8. The Sistine Chapel by Michelangelo Michelangelo (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564) was an Italian painter, sculptor, architect, poet and engineer. His rival was Leonardo da Vinci. Two of his best-known works, the Pietà and the David; and also created two of the most influential fresco paintings: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling and The Last Judgement on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. He helped to revolutionize classical architecture. The Sistine Chapel is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in the Vatican City. It is famous because of its architecture. It is frescoed throughout by the greatest Renaissance; the ceiling is legendary, and the purpose is because it is a site of religious activity.

9. The Prince by Machiavelli Niccolò di Bernardo dei Machiavelli (May 3, 1469 – June 21, 1527) was an Italian political philosopher, musician, poet, and romantic comedic playwright. He is a figure of the Italian Renaissance and a central figure of its political aspect, most widely known for his treatises on realist political theory (The Prince) on the one hand and republicanism on the other. Machiavelli's best work is The Prince. In this book he describes arts by which a Prince can retain control of his realm. He mainly discusses "new prince.” He discusses what the prince should do for the greater good. The Prince doesn't tell the reader what an ideal prince or principality is. Machiavelli explains through examples which kind of prince is the most successful in gaining power. He takes a lot from personal observations.

10. Gutenberg Bible Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42-line bible, has high aesthetic and technical quality. Among Gutenberg's contributions were the design of movable type, the invention of a process for making such type in quantity (mass production), the use of oil-based ink, and the use of a wooden printing press similar to the screw olive and wine presses of the period. In 1455 Gutenberg published his 42- line Bible, known as the Gutenberg Bible. About 180 were printed, most on paper. Johannes Gutenberg (1398 – February 3, 1468) was a German goldsmith and inventor credited with inventing movable type printing in Europe. His major work, the Gutenberg Bible.

11. Florence Cathedral- Filippo Brunelleschi Filippo Brunelleschi (1337–1446) is considered to be the first Renaissance architect. He was originally trained as a goldsmith in Florence but he soon turned became interested in architecture. He traveled to Rome to study ancient buildings. Brunelleschi's structures appear simple but they rest on a system of proportion. Brunelleschi began with a unit of measurement where repetition throughout the building created harmony. This building is based on a cube, which determines the height of and distance between the columns, and the depth of each bay. Among his greatest accomplishments is the engineering of the dome of Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore, also known as the Duomo). He was also the first to use the classical orders Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian in a consistent and appropriate manner.