2. The Bridge Between Europe and Asia Located between 35° and 42 ° north latitude, and 25 ° and 44 ° west longitude

3. Geography of Turkey Turkey is divided into 7 geographical regions

4. AGENDA Turkey at A Glance Wine in Anatolia Wine Regions in Turkey Kayra Tasting

5. Wine at first years of Turkish republic There was a considerable amount of wine production before World War I and War for Independence in Turkey. But wars affected negatively the production, especially in Trace and Aegean regions. The production of all alcoholic beverages went under the control of government monopoly on 1927 with the exception of wine which allowed private production and development of vineyards. This was specifically done to develop and protect wine production. The only restriction which can also be called on today’s terms as “controlled wine regions-appelation controllée” was the permission of wine production on specific regions where wine grapes were producing. In 1928 government started to support wine producers by technical know-how and semi-financial supports. (There was also support for export tax exemptions and support fee/kg) M.Emile Bouffart was one of the first pionneering consultants who has evaluated wines and wine regions in Turkey and where to have wineries.

6. Wine at first years of Turkish republic In 1946 there were 28 small sized wineries all around Turkey exploring the potential quality of wine production with different varieties and terroirs under Government Monopoly. Marcel Biron is also one of the consultants working for Government Monopole and identifying different wine regions and wines in Turkey (1937-1947) 1950’s government initiated french grape varieties plantation on Aegean and Trace regions (Semillon, Clairette, Sylvaner, Gamay, Cinsaut, Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon are among the varieties planted and explored during these dates) The decrease of quality has started with the non-implementation of this “controlled wine regions” regulation as well as political changes in 1960’s. Private producers stayed in the market during all this period with relatively small sizes..

7. Current Situation With its annual yield of 70-80 million liters of wine, Turkey accounts for only a quarter of a percent of global wine production There is no doubt that the significance of Turkey’s output is directly linked to low domestic demand. Turkish people favour raki and beer; they consume at most only one liter of wine per capita annually. Compared with France’s 54, Spain’s 35 and Greece’s 30 litres per capita.

8. Turkey: Where is it in the Wine World now? Consumption In 225 countries; 1.France 2. Italy 3.USA 55. Turkey Vineyards In 75 countries; 1.Spain 2.France 3.Italy 4.Turkey Production In 65 countries; 1.France 2.Italy 3.Spain 43.Turkey Source: www.wineinstitute.org 2005 data

9. Current Situation of Wine Industry in Turkey Turkish wine industry is not yet supported by high consumer demand. Although the number of wine drinkers in the country is low, the number of ambitious Turkish investors who see great potential in the soil and dream of producing superior wines on this land is growing day by day. *Tobacco and Alcohol Market Organization Committee-Legal numbers

10. Market Conditions after Bandrol and Tax Reduction Bandrol effects: –Grey market players disappeared. –Wine producers started to sell mostly their table wines. Tax reduction effects: –Grey market players are back in the market with very low prices. –Price wars increased in supermarkets MODERN CHANNEL (SUPERMARKET) SHARE Volumes_Nielsen Traditional Channel Modern Channel

11. Major Producers in Turkey Boutique Producers Regional Producers Newcommers

13. Vitis Vinifera’s natural allocation and archeological finds. Vitis Vinifera grows in a band with 6000 km long from Middle East to Spain and 1300 km wide from Crimean to West Africa. According to archeobotanists, grape was reclaimed in East Anatolia, Georgia and Armenia trio. Wine in Anatolia

14. AGENDA Turkey at A Glance Wine in Anatolia Wine Regions in Turkey Kayra Tasting

15. 0°0° 30° 50° Old World vs. New World Where to put Turkey?

18. REGIONMAIN GRAPE VARIETIES ThraceSemillon, Cinsault, Papazkarasi, Gamay, Adakarasi IzmirCabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Grenache, Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz, Merlot, Muscat DenizliShiraz, Calkarasi, Sultaniye, Kalecik Karasi, Okuzgozu, Bogazkere ManisaCarignan, Sultaniye, Alicante Bouchet MarmaraCabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc CappadociaEmir, Dimrit AnkaraKalecik Karasi TokatNarince ElazigOkuzgozu DiyarbakirBogazkere Wine Regions in Turkey

19. Öküzgözü-Boğazkere Sultaniye Çalkarası Kalecik Karası Shiraz Okuzgozu Bogazkere Emir Narince Papazkarası Semillon Cinsault Gamay Muscat Carignan Alicante Bouchet Hasandede Kalecik Karası Karasakız Dökülgen Rumi Sultaniye Horozkarası Sergi Karası Sauvignon Blanc Beylerce GRAPE MAP OF TURKEY

20. All Grape Varieties With between 600 to 1200 indigenous grape varieties, there are numerous options that Turkish winemakers can pursue to make wine. Currently only 60 varieties are commercially cultivated.grape varieties Some of the native Turkish varieties include the Yapıncak and Papazkarası grown in Thrace; the Sultaniye of the Aegean coast; the Öküzgözü and Boğazkere (used to make Buzbağ) of Eastern Anatolia; the Çalkarası of the Denizli Province in Western Anatolia, and the Kalecik Karası, Narince and Emir of Central Anatolia. YapıncakPapazkarası SultaniyeÖküzgözü BoğazkereBuzbağÇalkarasıDenizli ProvinceKalecik KarasıNarinceEmir In recent years, some of the international grape varieties have increased their presence, including Sémillon (known as Trakya), Riesling, Muscat, Gamay, Cinsault, Grenache, Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot. SémillonRieslingMuscat GamayCinsaultGrenacheCarignanCabernet SauvignonMerlot This is a list of varieties of cultivated grapes, whether used for wine, or eating as a Table grape, fresh or dried (raisin, currant, sultana).... Öküzgözü and Boğazkere are Turkish grape varieties and Turkish wines produced from this grapes....

21. Thrace Region, Şarköy-Mürefte Province Lat (DMS) 40° 36' 58N Long (DMS) 27° 6' 3E Altitude (meters) 0 Climate: Şarköy has a climate peculiar to its own and different from the surrounding geography. Despite affected by the Mediterranean it receives the northern winds as it is positioned right at the exit of Çanakkale strait. Summers are hot and dry while winters are cold and windy.Due to high humidity,daily temperature values don’t show significant drops. The land behind the coast has the right micro-climate for vineyards and wine-making. Grape varieties: Semillon, Cinsault, Papazkarasi, Gamay, Adakarasi Thrace designates a region spread over southern Bulgaria (Northern Thrace), northeastern Greece (Western Thrace), and European Turkey (Eastern Thrace). Thrace borders on three seas: the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Sea of Marmara. In Turkey, it is also called Rumeli.

22. Soil Type & Vineyards Soil type: Dense cracking clays Vineyards: Equal amount of head-trained and trellis vineyards New modern vineyard implementation

23. Aegean Region, Denizli –Güney Province Lat (DMS) 38° 9' 16N Long (DMS) 29° 4' 4E Altitude (meters) 834 Climate: In general the Aegean region has a mild climate. However, it becomes harsher at altitude. Temperatures can rise to 40 °C during summer and fall to -10 °C in winter. There are about 80 days with precipitation, mainly during winter. Grape varieties: Shiraz, Calkarasi, Sultaniye, Kalecik Karası, Chardonnay, Merlot, Zinfandel, experimental Ökuzgozu and Bogazkere plantations

24. Soil Type & Vineyards denizli plateau soil and rocks Soil type: goes from clay loam in the lower elevations to Akins series alternating with calcarious chalks at 1100 m.

25. Ege Region, Sultaniye Mainly grown in Denizli and Manisa. Mostly consumed as table grape and dried grape however it is also used in wine making. Gives light, easy to drink fruit flavored and fresh wines. Dry and semi-dry wines can be produced with this type of grape. Denizli Akins series soil

26. Sultaniye Aroma Profile Asparagus Pear Pineapple Floral Mango Lemon Golden, Green Apples Hay

27. Sultaniye Food & Wine Match Grilled or steamed fish Shellfish Chicken Pasta with white, creamy sauces

28. Aegean Region, İzmir-Şirince Province Lat (DMS) 37° 57' 6N Long (DMS) 27° 22' 29E Altitude (meters) 93 Climate: explained that the conditions in Izmir, where the vineyards are at an altitude of 150 metres, are closer to say Bari or Athens, while on the Anatolian plateau, the vineyards are at a height of 900 metres, and the climate is closer to the Rhône Valley, though with less rainfall. Şirince is located in the hills at about 350 meters (1000 ft) above sea level, which means pleasant nights even in hottest July, and in winter some frost and the occasional snowfall. Grape varieties: Muscat of Bornova, Shiraz, Calkarasi, Sultaniye, Syrah, Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon, Petit Verdot, Merlot

29. Soil Type & Vineyards Cabernet Sultaniye

30. Central Anatolia, Kalecik Province Lat (DMS) 40° 5' 50N Long (DMS) 33° 24' 30E Altitude (meters) 676 Climate: Central Anatolia, with the more continental climate of hard winters and hot summers, is home for varieties like Kalecik, Karası, Papazkarası, Dimrit Grape varieties: Kalecik Karası “Kalecik" is a far and small district of Ankara. Located near the river "Kizilirmak" (Halys).

31. Soil Type & Vineyards Soil Type: Pebbely clay loam Vineyard: Cord modern trellising

32. Central Anatolia Region, Kalecik Karası Kalecik Karası means the “black from small castle”. Kalecik is a small village in Central Anatolia with its castle. Kalecik Karası is the most important type of red grape used in wine making in Central Anatolia. The origin of this grape is Ankara. It has pronounced red fruit character and produces rather light bodied, light tannin dry wines. In 1990s this grape was rejuvenated and presented to Turkish wine industry.

33. Central Anatolia, Tokat Province Lat (DMS) 40° 15' 44N Long (DMS) 36° 18' 48E Altitude (meters) 1176 Climate: Tokat's climate represents a transition between the Central Black Sea and the Inner Anatolia climates. The climate is somewhat harsher at high altitude levels and in the southern sections of the province. Narince is the preferred region for vine leaves for dolma. Experimental plantings of Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir Grape varieties: Narince

34. Soil Type & Vineyards Soil Type: River bed and glaciated aluvial fan Vineyards: Typically grown head train spur pruned or goblet, all dry-farmed and late blooming-ripening

35. Black Sea Region, Narince Narince means “delicately” in Turkish Mainly grown in Tokat and along Yeşilırmak (river) Both consumed as table grape and used in wine making. Dry and semi-dry wines can be made with Narince grape. It has yellow-green colour and sophisticated fruit flavor. Since the acidity level is high in this type of grape it is possible to age therefore the wine gains a complex bouquet.

36. East Anatolian Region, Elazığ Province Lat (DMS) 38° 40' 31N Long (DMS) 39° 13' 14E Altitude (meters) 1049 Climate: The dominant climate in Elazığ Province is the terrestrial climate and the winter seasons pass cold and precipitant while summer seasons pass hot and dry. However,due to the natural and artificial lakes around the city, some partial variations from the climate is experienced. Grape varieties: Öküzgözü, experimental plantings of Grenache, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon

37. Soil Type & Vineyards Soil Type: Red clay and decomposed granites varying to light chalky clay soils Vineyards:Majority of the vineyards are old-school head-trained, but quality vineyards are trellis cordon-trained spur prunned.

38. East Anatolia Region, Öküzgözü Öküzgözü means “eye of the bull” (o-kuz-goes-zu) Öküzgözü is grown in Elazığ. High in acidity, this grape has low alcohol content, medium body with a delicate bouquet. It has fruit and floral flavors, makes a soft and easy to drink wines. Due to its acidity, it can age well The wines from Öküzgözü grape has a light red colour like Pinot Noir.

39. East Anatolian Region, Diyarbakır Province, Zaza Region Lat (DMS) 37° 55' 8N Long (DMS) 40° 12' 38E Altitude (meters) 675 Climate: Rough and dry terrestrial climate is domiant in Diyarbakır province. Very hot during the day and cold at night during growing season. Grape varieties: Boğazkere

40. Soil Type & Vineyards Soil type : decomposed sandstone to red clays Vineyards: wild and savage

41. East Anatolia Region, Boğazkere Boğazkere means “throat burner” (boaz-ker-a) Boğazkere is mainly grown in Diyarbakır. (Experimental Boğazkere plantings are in Denizli region) Boğazkere has very high dense tannins with medium acidity, similar to Tannat. The wines made from this grape are dark in colour, full bodied, densed tannins, with complex flavor profiles. The wines from Boğazkere grape find balance when aged.

42. Marmara Region, Bozcaada Province Lat (DMS) 39° 50' 6N Long (DMS) 26° 4' 11E Altitude (meters) 0 Climate: The high humidity level prevents significant drops in temperature. Which creates the right environment for viticulture. Grape varieties: Vasilaki, Karasakız, Karalahana

43. Soil Type & Vineyards Soil type: gravelly loam Vineyards:trellis and head-trained, maritime

44. Middle Anatolia Region, Cappadocia Province Lat (DMS) 38° 46' 19N Long (DMS) 34° 32' 5E Altitude (meters) 945 Climate: Cappadocia has a steppe climate, there is a great temperature difference between day and night. It is cooler and drier than in the popular tourist areas of the Mediterranean and the Aegean coasts. Its poor volcanic soil is well suited to the cultivation of vines. Grape varieties: Emir, Dimrit

45. Soil Type & Vineyards Soil type: sand, sandstone, decomposed volcanic, tuffa Vineyards:upper elevations dry-farmed, lower elevations roots find water in the high water table. Equal amount of head-trained and trellis

46. Cappadocia, Emir Niğde-Nevşehir (Kapadokya) region Wines are –Light-medium bodied –Light yellow colour –High acidity –Delicate Used in sparkling and still wine making Does not match with oak, Should be consumed in 1-2 years, no malolactic