1. The American Revolution

2. When the Declaration of Independence had been written in 1776, several battles had already been fought; among these: Lexington & Concord, 1775 Bunker Hill, 1775 Ticonderoga, 1775 Quebec, 1775

3. John Adams claimed that 1/3 of colonists were Patriots, 1/3 were Loyalists and 1/3 were neutral.

4. Loyalists ("Tories") = about 1/3 of Americans Colonists who fought for return to colonial rule; loyal to the king. Usually conservative: educated and wealthy; fearful of “mob rule.” Included the older generation; younger generation was more revolutionary Included king's officers and other beneficiaries of the crown

5. . Patriots: Sometimes called "Whigs" (named after British opposition party) American rebels who fought both British soldiers and loyalists Most numerous in New England Constituted a minority movement

6. About 80,000 Loyalists fled the colonies. Loyalists regarded by Patriots as traitors. Loyalist estates were confiscated and sold; these funds helped finance the war 50,000 fought for the British

7. Battle of Trenton (Dec. 1776) Washington crossed the ice-clogged Delaware River on Dec. 26, 1776 At Trenton, surprised and captured about 1,000 Hessians who were sleeping off their Christmas partying.

8. Battle of Saratoga (most important battle of the American Revolution). Benedict Arnold saved New England by slowing down British invasion of New York General Burgoyne surrendered entire command at Saratoga on Oct. 17, 1777 to American General Horatio Gates. After Saratoga, French decide to enter war on the side of the Americans

9. France Becomes an Ally of the U.S. French eager to exact revenge on the British for the French & Indian War. France initially worried that open aid to America might provoke British attacks on French interests.

10. Washington retired to Valley Forge for winter of 1777-78 Supplies were scarce: food, clothing Army whipped into shape by the Prussian drillmaster Baron von Steuben. Episode demonstrated American resolve despite horrible conditions. “These are the times that try men’s souls... “ Thomas Paine

11. Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777 (Drafted by John Dickinson) A. Set up by 2nd Continental Congress in order to create a lasting government. B. Did not go into effect until 1781. C. First constitution in U.S. history; lasted until 1789 when Constitution adopted D. Congress had power to: conduct war, handle foreign relations & secure loans, borrow money. E. No power to: regulate trade, conscript troops, levy taxes.

12. 1778, Britain again changed its strategy: focused on former Southern Colonies Battle of Yorktown: last major battle of the war French Navy blockaded Chesapeake Bay; British ships unable to enter. Washington made 300-mile+ march to Chesapeake Bay from NY. Washington attacked British by land while de Grasse blockaded them by sea. Oct. 19, 1781, General Cornwallis surrendered entire force of 7,000 men War continued one more year (especially in the South)

13. Treaty of Paris of 1783: Britain formally recognized US independence 1. Granted US huge boundaries stretching to the Mississippi in the west, the Great Lakes in the north, and to Spanish Florida in the south 2. British promised troops would not take slaves from America. American concessions: 1. Loyalists could not be further persecuted; confiscated land to be returned 2. American states were bound to pay back debts to British creditors.

14. Britain lost colonies and other territories France became bankrupt which helped spark the French Revolution.

15. Over 250,000 American soldiers fought -- 10% who fought died; largest % of any American war in history State and national governments created. Most of the fighting was done by the poorest Americans Young city laborers, farm boys, indentured servants, and sometimes slaves. African Americans fought on both sides. -- 5,000 in the Continental army and nearly 30,000 in the British army in return for promises of freedom. Native Americas also fought with the British since they hoped to keep land-hungry Americans out of their territories.