1. Wheat and Barley Management in Virginia Wade Thomason wthomaso@vt.edu

2. Integrated Management

3. Small Grains in Virginia Yield Test weight Disease Daylength sensitivity Scab http://www.ext.vt.edu

4. Cultivar Grain YieldTest Weight Milling Quality SRW Baking Quality FHB †† resistance Powdery MildewLeaf Rust Glume Blotch Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Early Heading Varieties (119-120 d, Julian) SS 520*213213321 Jamestown242143324 Coker 9553242243311 Featherstone 176112334114 Mid-Season Heading Varieties (121-122 d, Julian) USG 3555412233134 USG 3342222143431 Branson413333324 Chesapeake342124134 Merl444333131 Tribute343242441 SS 5205334433412 Full-Season Heading Varieties (123-124 d, Julian) Dominion234244332 Pioneer 26R15414333411 Pioneer 26R12242223324 Renwood 3434312224341 USG 3665424343434 SS 560312223121 Shirley413324434 SS-MPV 57323331141 SS 8302243241111 SS 8309234432311 * These lines are not daylength sensitive and should not be planted early in order to avoid potential freeze damage. 4 - Significantly higher than average 3 - Average or higher than average 2 - Average or lower than average 1 - Significantly lower than average www.ext.vt.edu

5. Recommended Barley Varieties

6. 30 seeds/sq ft 10 seeds/sq ft

7. Yield Development- Precision Planting Wheat – Attain 22-25 vigorous seedlings / square ft. – Calibrate the drill for 30-35 seeds /square ft. Planting Time Row width, inTimely2 wk late4 wk late Seeds/row foot 4121314 6182022 7202224 8222426

8. Yield Development- Precision Planting Barley – Attain 26-28 vigorous seedlings / square ft. – Calibrate the drill for 30-35 seeds /square ft.

9. Seed Size

10. Wheat Seeding Rate Desired plant population, seeds/sq ft Seed size18202224262830323436 seeds/ lbSeeding rate, lb/ac 10,0008797106116126136145155165174 11,000798897106114123132141150158 12,00073818997105113121129137145 13,0006774828997104112119127134 14,000626976839097104111118124 15,00058657177649097103110116 16,0005461677379859197103109 17,000515763697480859197102 18,00048545965707581869197 19,00046515661667176828792 20,00044485358636873778287 Assumes 90% germination Planting Wheat: Seeding Rates and Calibration

11. Barley Seeding Rate -----------------Seeds/lb----------------- Thoroughbred1186611052124931095615548 Eve (Hulless)1184811529120871201113512 Doyce (Hulless)1537913969144041533816691 Desired plant population, seeds/sq ft Seed size18202224262830323436 seeds/ lbSeeding rate, lb/ac 10,0008797106116126136145155165174 11,000798897106114123132141150158 12,00073818997105113121129137145 13,0006774828997104112119127134 14,000626976839097104111118124 15,00058657177649097103110116 16,0005461677379859197103109 17,000515763697480859197102 18,00048545965707581869197 19,00046515661667176828792 20,00044485358636873778287

12. Wheat Seed Size Seed size and seed rate allows us to calculate total seeds needed. 35 seeds/ft 2 x 43,560 ft2/acre = 1,524,600 seeds/acre 1,524,600 seeds/acre / 13,000 seeds/lb = 117 lbs/acre

13. Seeding Rate Determinations Needed for Drill Calibration 1)Decide on seeding rate desired per ft 2 Optimum rates are 30 -35 seeds/ft 2 2)Know row width of drill 3)Determine linear length of row that is equivalent to one ft 2 (144 in 2 ) for row width being used. Obtain from a table Calculate: 144 in 2 / Row Width (inches) = Row Length Equivalent for 1 ft 2 4)Calibrate drill to deliver desired seeding rate (# of seeds) in row length equivalent to 1 ft 2.

14. GOAL IS 32 SEEDS PER SQUARE FOOT “ drill spacing X 12” = SQ inches of area Inches/SQ ft. SQ ft per row ft = Step 2 Calculate the number of seeds required in 50 feet of row. seeds per row ft X 50 feet of row = seeds in 50 ft Count _____ seeds of each variety and put the seed in a graduated tube such as a rain gauge, or a clean tube or cup. Mark the level of the seeds in the tube. 7.590 144 0.625 32 seeds per sq foot X 0.625 sq feet per row ft = seeds per row ft. 20 1000

15. Step 3: Hook a tractor to the grain drill so that the drive wheels of the drill can be raised off the ground with a jack, and the drive gears can be engaged. Raise the drive wheel so it clears the ground and turn the wheel several revolutions to be certain that everything is turning freely. Check all drill spouts and make sure there are no blockages.

16. Step 4 : Determine the number of revolutions the drive wheel must turn to travel 50 feet. INCHES TRAVELED IN 50 FT = _____ IN. DISTANCE AROUND THE TIRE = _____ IN. NUMBER OF TIRE REVOLUTIONS IN 50 FT = _____ = ______. 600 84 600 84 7.1

17. Step 5 : Calibrate the drill. Adjust the seeding rate to a setting that is expected to be close Turn the drive wheel several revolutions so that seed is flowing through the drill and stop the wheel at a convenient mark such as the valve stem straight up or use a mark placed on the tire. Remove the rubber boot from the two drill spouts with seed and place a container under each spout to catch the seed. Catch the seed from each spout in a separate container.

18. Step 5 : Calibrate the drill. (cont) Turn the drive wheel the appropriate number of turns for traveling a distance of 50 feet (determined in Step 4). Pour the seed from one row into the pre-calibrated tube from Step 2. Check the second row the same way. If the seeding rate is too high or too low, change the drill setting and repeat steps e and f in this list until the appropriate seed number is obtained.

19. Planting Method 60 65 70 75 80 85 04080120160 Seeding Rate, lb/ac Grain Yield, bu/ac Broadcast Drilled

20. Lee and Herbek © 2006 University of Kentucky 20 Wheat Seeding Depth Seeding Depth (inches) Stand Count (plants/ft 2 ) % Stand Achieved 0.52777 1.0 – 1.52674 2.5 – 3.01234 Stand counts taken in mid-November. Seeding rate of 35 seeds/ft 2.

22. Small Grains Precision Planting Tillers developed in the fall or winter produce larger numbers of wheat kernels per head than tillers developed in the spring. Fall/winter developed tillers also have deeper root systems that give greater protection against dry weather during grain fill in May or early June

23. Dec. 2 Sept. 26 300 = October 27

24. Weeds Managing burndown and preemergence herbicides – Be aggressive controlling preplant weeds! TillageWeed Control Yield, bu/ac No-Till Gramoxone @ planting, Harmony Extra in Spring 95.3 No-Till Harmony Extra 30-45 days after planting 94.6 No-TillHarmony Extra in Spring92.9 No-TillNone80.4

25. Spring N Management Evaluate fields at GS 25 Wheat >100 tillers/sq.ft Barley >150 tillers/sq.ft

26. Split Apply N According to Growth Stage 60% N Uptake After GS 30

27. Spring N for Wheat GS 25 N Rate Directly Related to Tiller Numbers

28. Tillers in wheat cut a dowel rod to a 3-foot length lay the dowel down next to an average- looking row and count all tillers with three or more leaves that are found in the 3-foot length; record this number repeat this count in at least five other locations that are well-spaced around the field average all tiller counts from the field calculate tiller density (in tillers per square foot) with the following equation: tiller density=average tiller count x 4 / row width (in inches) Second tiller T2 Main stem First tiller T1

29. New Tiller Forming

30. A fully developed tiller has 3 leaves. We need 3 leaves for a tiller to “go into the count”.

31. Growth Stage 30 Just prior to jointing

32. Spring N for Wheat GS 30 N Application Directly Related to Tissue N Content

33. Spring N for Barley GS 25 N Application Apply 0-50 lbs N/acre based on field observations of tiller density and plant color. Fields with tiller densities of greater than 150 tillers/sq ft should receive no N Fields with densities of <50 tillers/sq ft should receive 50 lbs N/acre as soon as possible. Do not wait for GS 30 to take tissue samples if the crop displays visual N deficiency symptoms prior to GS 30.

34. Spring N for Barley GS 30 N Application Directly Related to Tissue N Content total spring N applications generally not to exceed 100 lbs N/acre

35. Yield Protection Insects – Know major crop pests Aphid, Cereal Leaf Beetle in wheat – Know when and how to scout – Use the proper treatment Seed treatments Chemical applications

36. Aphids

37. Foliar Diseases

39. Evaluation of foliar fungicides on Sisson soft red winter wheat, 2005 Used five registered fungicides (Stratego, Tilt, Quadris, Quilt, Headline) Applications were made at either GS 37 and/or 59 Traces of stripe rust and nearly 5% leaf rust of flag leaves of non-treated Yield (98.4 to 112.7 bu/A) +14.3 bu/A Bushel wt (61.0 to 62.3 lbs) +1.3 lbs 1000 k wt (36.6 to 41.0 grams) +4.4 g

40. Cereal Leaf Beetle 25 total eggs or small larvae are found on 100 stems. Of that 25, at least half should be larvae. No damage after Hard Dough.

41. PGR - Barley

42. Harvesting Small Grains 20% moisture at maturity 14.5% moisture for barley 13.5% moisture for long term storage of wheat “Nothing good can happen to a wheat kernel after it reaches 20% moisture” – Don Mennel