1.  V G SHOBHANA  Dr. N SENTHIL  KALPANA K.  Dr. P NAGARAJAN  Dr. M RAVEENDRAN  Dr. P BALASUBRAMANIAN CENTRE FOR PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY COIMBATORE – 641 003 BIOFORTIFICATION IN MAIZE

2. Methods:  Selective Breeding  Genetic modification The Big Difference!!  Developing world –  Vitamin A, Zinc, Iodine and Iron  Developed world –  Selenium, prostrate cancer The Orange Ribbon Symbol of Malnutrition BIOFORTIFICATION Fortification x Biofortification

3.  Two billion people - currently micronutrient malnourished - increased morbidity and mortality rates, lower worker productivity and high healthcare costs.  Nutritional deficiencies (iron, zinc, vitamin A) - almost two-thirds of the childhood death worldwide.  Major food crops can be enriched (‘biofortified’) with micronutrients using plant breeding and transgenic strategies.  Micronutrient enrichment traits exist within their genomes.  Micronutrient element enrichment of seeds can increase crop yields when sowed to micronutrient-poor soils, assuring their adoption by farmers. Importance

4. The Golden Rice Story

5. Percentage of population affected by under-nutrition by country, according to United Nations statistics

7.  Myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate or Ins P6.  Is the most abundant myo-inositol phosphate in plant cells, but its biosynthesis is poorly understood.  Also uncertain is the role of myo-inositol as a precursor of phytic acid biosynthesis.  MW:660.03 Formula:C6H18O24P6 BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY

8. PHYTIC ACID  Myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate, is abundant component of plant seeds.  Deposited in protein bodies as a mixed salt of mineral cations such as K+, Mg 2+, Ca 2+, Zn 2+, and Fe 3+ (50% to 80% of the phosphorus in seeds).  Phytic acid serves as a major storage form for myo-inositol, phosphorus, and mineral cations for use during seedling growth. Other known role of phytic acid - control of inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels in both developing seeds and seedlings.  In maize kernels, nearly 90% is accumulated in embryo and 10% in aleurone layers (also in rice and barley).  Maize endosperm contains only trace amount of phytic acid.

9.  Monogastric animals digest phytic acid poorly.  Undigested phytic acid is eliminated and is a leading phosphorus pollution source.  Low-phytic acid grain and legume in feed - reduces phosphorus pollution to environment and reduce amount of phosphorus supplementation required in animal feeds (Ertl et al., 1998).  Such grain would also offer more available Fe and Zn for human nutrition (Mendoza et al., 1998). Importance

10. Variability of phytate P in crop plants

11. Two types of pathway * Lipid -dependent (hydrolysis of PI(4,5)P2 by phospholipase) * Lipid -independent (sequential phosphorylation of I(3)P or inositol) Paulik et al.,(2005)

12.  Phytic acid – Wheeler and Ferrel, 1971 430 genotypes were screened for their phytate content  Low and high maize inbreds were identified  Crossing of low inbred with high inbreds evolved in 50 hybrids  Iron and Zinc – major minerals – screened by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

13. o Plants can be transformed for increased phytase production in the seeds. o The transgenic approach will, in the long run, prove to be most versatile and cost-effective. o Mutation breeding for impaired phytic acid biosynthesis has proved to be useful in maize, barley and rice ( Raboy, 2000). o Available low phytate mutant lines can be crossed with locally adopted cultivars and will result in low phytate maize with desired agronomic backgrounds. The following strategies were adopted to reduce the phytate

14.  Maize has 10 chromosomes (n=10).  The combined length of the chromosomes is 1500 cM.  "Chromosomal knobs". They are highly repetitive heterochromatic domains that stain darkly.  Barbara McClintock used these knob markers to prove her transposon theory of "jumping genes". Seed (Fresh weight) 361 Calories per 100g Water: 10.6% Protein: 9.4g Fat: 4.3g Carbohydrate: 74.4g Fiber: 1.8g Ash: 1.3g Composition Figures in grams (g) or milligrams (mg) per 100g of food. Vitamins Vit A: 140mg Thiamine (B1): 0.43mg Riboflavin (B2): 0.1mg Niacin: 1.9mg Minerals Calcium: 9mg Phosphorus: 290mg Iron: 2.5mg

15.  Pollen treated M 2 progenies - developed by Dr. Raboy – yielded two maize mutants.  lpa 1 and lpa 2 with 60% reduction in the seed phytate levels were produced.  These mutants were widely used in most of the breeding programmes in US.  lpa 1 – 1.1 (mg/g) phytate P in 4.7 (mg/g) total P  lpa 1 – 2.6 (mg/g) phytate P in 4.6 (mg/g) total P  Indian corns have 2.0 – 2.5 (mg/g) phytate P in 4.0 - 4.5 (mg/g) of total P.

18.  Low phytic acid donors with lpa1 and lpa2 genes will be used from Victor Raboy, USDA and will be used to develop low phytate maize.  Local inbred lines will be used as recurrent parents.  Identification of closely linked DNA markers with phytate in maize using already available linked markers like umc157 with lpa1 and umc167 with lpa2.  Develop backcross population and marker assisted backcross selection for low phytate maize lines.

19.  Identification of low phytate genotypes of maize which could be potential donors in breeding for micronutrients.  Molecular markers linked to low phytate will assist in identifying target genes involved in adsorption, transport and unloading of micronutrients in the grain.  Low phytate versions of high yielding maize hybrids in cultivation in India with increased iron and zinc bioavailability and reduced phosphorus pollution in the environment.