1. Crops
Mr. Wisness

2. Crops Important to ND Hard Red Spring Wheat Durum Wheat Barley Flax
Sunflower
Oats
Dry Edible Beans
Sugarbeets
Potatoes
Rye
Hay
Winter Wheat
Corn
Soybeans

3. Wheat Commercial Classes Hard Red Spring Wheat Bread
Hard Red Winter Wheat
Durum
Pasta
Soft Red Winter
Cake, biscuit, cracker, pastry
White
Pastry

4. Wheat Most important world crop; both in acreage and production
Approximately 75 to 80% US acreage is winter wheat
Requires a cold period before switching to reproductive growth (vernalization)
In general, wheat is unsatisfactory on very sandy soils or poorly drained soils

5. Wheat Cool-season crop Minimum Temp. Optimum Temp. Maximum Temp.
37-39 degrees F
Optimum Temp.
77 degrees F
Maximum Temp.
86-89 degrees F

6. Wheat grades Based on quality and condition Quality Condition
Plumpness, soundness, foreign material
Condition
High moisture, odor, smut
Legal Weight
60 pounds per bushel
US Grade #1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or US Sample Grade

7. Hard Red Spring Wheat North Dakota ranks #1
Can be grown under a wide range of soil conditions and rainfall
Best adapted to fertile, well drained silt and clay loam soils
In early stages of development, can withstand temperatures as low as 15 degrees F

8. Hard Red Spring Wheat Winters in ND are too severe for winter wheat
Limited rainfall during the growing period results in wheat that is high in protein content
HRSW contains a large amount of gluten
A proteinlike, semielastic substance which permits the dough to leaven or expand into large, light porous loaves

9. Durum Wheat
ND ranks #1
Grown because it withstands drought better and is more resistant to most diseases than HRSW
Flour not suited for breadmaking
Made into semolina
A granular flour used in making pasta products

10. HRSW and Durum Diseases Smut Black Stem Rust Scab Ergot
Wheat Stem Sawfly

11. Oats
Ranks 5th in world for cereals
ND ranks #1
Cool season crop

12. Uses of Oat grain Livestock feed Food products
More than 80 % is used for feed or exported
High in protein content
Excellent feed for horses
Used as a forage crop for hay
Food products
< 5 % used for food for humans
Rolled oats used for oatmeal, oatcakes, and cookies

13. Barley ND ranks #1 Used for: In the US Livestock feed Malting purposes
Human Food
In the US
Feed is approximately 65 to 70 %
Malt is approximately 25 to 30 %

14. Barley Cool-season crop Summer annual in North Dakota and Great Plains
Widely adapted because it is dependable under salinity, frost or drought

15. Barley Classes 6-row barley 2-row barley 3 spikelets per rachis node
1 fertile floret per spikelet
2-row barley
Only central spikelet has a fertile floret

16. Barley Malting Barley Used for brewing
Must be plump, uniform, high in quality, low in nitrogen or protein, and bright in color
Free from broken and skinned kernels
Contain no more than 13 % moisture for storage

17. Rye Cool-season crop Mostly grown as a winter annual
Leading producing countries are in Europe (Russia and Germany)
Hardiest of all the cereals
More productive than other grains on infertile, sandy or acidic soils

18. Rye Only small grain that is cross-pollinated Another problem
causes it to be very susceptible to ergot
Another problem
Can mix with wheat in the field or seed
Uses of Rye grain
50 to 60 % is fed or exported
Food products
Rye bread is dense and rises slightly
Usually mixed with wheat flour

19. Flax ND ranks #1 Cool season crop
Tolerates frost in the seedling stage
Requires 18 to 30 inches of moisture annually
Poor competitor with weeds
Good cultural practices and herbicides are important

20. Flax Used to make linseed oil Linseed oil meal for livestock feed
Seed contains 35 to 45 percent oil
Paints and varnishes
Linoleum and oilcloth
Printers ink
Linseed oil meal for livestock feed
35 percent protein that is 85 percent digestible

21. Sunflowers ND ranks #1 Classes Oil-type Non-oil type
90 % of US acreage
Edible and industrial oil
Non-oil type
10% of US acreage
Whole roasted
Shelled for baking and candies
Bird Food

22. Sunflowers Uses Edible oil is major use Sunflower Oil Meal
Whole kernel and nutmeat specialty markets

23. Sunflowers Characteristics Cross-pollinated Short-day plant
Relatively draught tolerant and grows well on many soil type

24. Soybeans World’s most important edible vegetable oil
US is world’s leading producer
Short day plant
Warm Season plant
Member of the legume family

25. Soybeans
A minimum of 120 frost-free days, with a mean summer temperature above 70 degrees F is needed to produce acceptable yields
Self-pollinated
Harvesting
In fall when seedpods turn yellow and dry down to about 14 percent moisture
Cut and threshed by a combine

26. Soybeans Uses Edible oil Soybean Oil Meal Green Manure crop
Seed is 20 to 24 % oil
Soybean Oil Meal
Popular Feed for Livestock
Green Manure crop

27. Sugarbeets Red River Valley is leading producer in US
Must have a contract with a factory
Account for 35 to 40 % of world’s sugar production
Biennial for seed production

28. Sugarbeets Cool-season crop Uses
Optimum temperature for growth is 75 degrees F
Cool autumn weather favors sugar storage
Uses
Sugar
By-products
Beet Pulp
Molasses (Livestock feed)

29. Sugarbeets Harvesting Normally at end of first season of growth
Approximately 5 to 7 months after planting

30. Potatoes Tubers originate as swellings at the ends of rhizomes
Herbaceous perennial dicot but grown as an annual
Cool-season crop (Northern lattitudes)
Well-distributed rainfall of 12 to 24 inches over a 3 to 4 month growing season is best

31. Potatoes Uses Carbohydrate source Human consumption Livestock feed
Tuber is 65 to 80 % starch
Human consumption
Fresh - 35 %
Frozen - 35%
Dehydrated, chips, canned - 20 %
Livestock feed

32. Potatoes Grown from vegetative parts, not seed
Growers sow pieces of potato from which new plants grow and produce tubers

33. Corn Types of corn Dent (Yellow or White Class) Popcorn Flint Flour
Field corn grown in US
Popcorn
Can explode to 20 times its size
Flint
Field corn grown in South America & Europe
Flour
used in making breads

34. Corn Important World Food Crop Grown in every US state
Warm-season crop
Minimum temperature is 50 degrees F
Maximum temperature is 86 degrees F
Very little corn is grown where the mean summer temp. is less than 66 degrees F
Short-day plant
Cross-pollinated

35. Corn Uses Livestock feed Human uses
85 to 90 % of US production is used for feed
Human uses
Food
High fructose corn syrup
Ethanol

36. Forage crops Alfalfa Sweetclover Smooth bromegrass Wheatgrass
Kentucky Bluegrass
Sudangrass
Millets

37. Forage crops
Crops grown as feed for animals and used in the form of pasture, hay or silage
There are 3.5 million acres of hay in ND
Approximately one half of that is alfalfa
Livestock feed
60 % of all feed units consumed by livestock in the US are furnished by forages
95 % of all feed units consumed by beef cows in ND are furnished by forages

38. Forage crops Other benefits Soil improvement Soil protection
Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen