1. WESTERN EUROPE GOVERNMENTS, ECONOMIES, AND MISCELLANEOUS

2. GOVERNMENT TYPES DEMOCRACY CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY DICTATORSHIP

3. ECONOMY TYPES MOST ARE MIXED FREE MARKET THEY ARE SUCCESSFUL TO VARYING DEGREES

4. SOCIALIST ECONOMY IN SWEDEN VERY HIGH TAXES TO PAY FOR: NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE GOVERNMENT PAYS FOR: EDUCATION CHILDCARE YEAR OFF WORK AND FREE $$$ TO RAISE KIDS MEDICAL NEEDS MORE THAN 60 % OF PEOPLE RELY ON GOVERNMENT FOR WORK OR WELFARE PAYMENTS

5. DIVISION OF EUROPE AFTER WW II UNITED STATES GREAT BRITAIN FRANCE USSR

6. BERLIN WALL ERECTED 8-13-61 BREACHED 11-9-89

7. COMMUNIST LEGACY POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION POOR INFRASTRUCTURE RUN-DOWN FACTORIES LACK OF UNDERSTANDING OF AND FRAMEWORK FOR FREE MARKET ECONOMY

8. BENELUX SEEDS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION BELGIUM NETHERLANDS LUXEMBOURG

9. EUROPEAN UNION Austria (1995) Austria Belgium (1952) Belgium Bulgaria (2007) Bulgaria Cyprus (2004) Cyprus Czech Republic (2004) Czech Republic Denmark (1973) Denmark Estonia (2004) Estonia Finland (1995) Finland France (1952) France Germany (1952) Germany Greece (1981) Greece

10. Greece (1981) HungaryHungary (2004) IrelandIreland (1973) ItalyItaly (1952) LatviaLatvia (2004) LithuaniaLithuania (2004) LuxembourgLuxembourg (1952) MaltaMalta (2004) NetherlandsNetherlands (1952) PolandPoland (2004) Greece (1981)Greece HungaryHungary (2004) IrelandIreland (1973) ItalyItaly (1952) LatviaLatvia (2004) LithuaniaLithuania (2004) LuxembourgLuxembourg (1952) MaltaMalta (2004) NetherlandsNetherlands (1952) PolandPoland (2004) PortugalPortugal (1986) RomaniaRomania (2007) SlovakiaSlovakia (2004) SloveniaSlovenia (2004) SpainSpain (1986) SwedenSweden (1995) United KingdomUnited Kingdom (1973) On the road to EU membership Acceding country Croatia Candidate Countries Iceland Montenegro Serbia The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Potential candidates Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Kosovo

11. Eight countries are waiting in the to join the European Union. Countries have been told they can join the EU one day, IF THEY MEET THE CRITERIA. These include: DEMOCRACY RULE OF LAW MARKET ECONOMY FOLOLOWING EU’S GOALS OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC UNION Iceland is the latest country to seek EU membership.

12. NATO NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION NATO is a political and military alliance whose primary goals are the collective defense of its members and the maintenance of a democratic peace in the North Atlantic area. All 28 Allies have an equal say, the Alliance’s decisions must be unanimous and consensual, and its members must respect the basic values that underpin the Alliance, namely democracy, individual liberty and the rule of law. NATO has a military and civilian headquarters and an integrated military command structure but very few forces or assets are exclusively its own. Most forces remain under full national command and control until member countries agree to undertake NATO-related tasks.

13. Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. NATO MEMBERS Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

14. UNITED STATES = MELTING POT EUROPE = SALAD BOWL

15. FACTORS/EVENTS AFFECTING MIGRATION THE GREAT FAMINE BLACK DEATH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

16. IRISH POTATO FAMINE FAMINE – WIDESPREAD SHORTAGE OF FOOD 1845–49 Potato crop destroyed by a blight (disease) from North America – it made crops rot in the field By the early 1840s, almost one-half of the Irish population—mostly rural poor—depended almost entirely on the potato for their food

17. The British government’s efforts to relieve the famine were inadequate. Many Irish farms continued to export grain, meat, and other high-quality foods to Britain because the Irish peasants (poor people) had no money to buy them. The peasants were not allowed (under threat of punishment or death) to eat the food they grew for the rich landowners.

18. About one million people died from starvation or from typhus and other famine-related diseases. The number of Irish who emigrated during the famine was about two million, many of whom went to the United States. ***See textbook page 307 What cultural feature would help explain the emigration patterns during the Great Potato famine?

19. BLACK DEATH BUBONIC PLAGUE PNEUMONIC PLAGUE

20. BLACK DEATH *SEE TEXTBOOK PAGE 356 1/3 EUROPE’S POPULATION DIED 30 MILLION PEOPLE! NOT ENOUGH WORKERS TENSION BETWEEN RICH AND POOR TERRIFIED PEOPLE TURNED FROM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH TO OTHER PRACTICES

21. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN BRITAIN BECAUSE THEY HAD THE NECESSARY RESOURCES COAL MINING, IRON MINING, AND LARGE LABOR FORCE BY 1700’S GOOD TRANSPORTATION NETWORK – RIVERS AND CANALS WORLD’S FIRST RAILROADS – EARLY 1800’S WORLD’S FIRST SUBWAY SYSTEM - 1863

22. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION THE TRANSITION (CHANGE) FROM ANIMAL POWER TO MACHINE POWER LED TO INCREASED URBANIZATION

23. IRELAND IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY IRA RELIGION-BASED TERRORISM CATHOLICS IN NORTHERN IRELAND DO NOT WANT TO BE PART OF THE MAINLY PROTESTANT UNITED KINGDOM

24. STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR SEPARATES EUROPE (SPAIN) ACTUALLY GIBRALTAR IS AN AUTONOMOUS BRITISH OVERSEAS TERRITORY FROM NORTH AFRICA (MOROCCO) CONNECTS MEDITERRANEAN SEA TO ATLANTIC OCEAN *STRAIT – NARROW BODY OF WATER CONNECTING TWO LARGER BODIES OF WATER

25. HOW DOES MAN USE TECHNOLOGY TO MODIFY THE ENVIRONMENT? ICELAND HARNESSES GEOTHERMAL ENERGY VENICE USES CANALS FOR TRANSPORTATION THE NETHERLANDS BUILDS POLDERS FOR MORE LAND

26. ICELAND GEOTHERMAL ENERGY – HEAT FROM EARTH’S INTERIOR

27. VENICE CANALS

28. FLOODING NOVEMBER 2012 CREATED A PROBLEM WORSE THAN JUST HIGH WATER

29. VENICE CANALS 90% OF THE CITY’S RAW SEWAGE GOES STRAIGHT INTO THE CANALS

30. POLDER LAND CLAIMED FROM THE SEA

31. POLDER BUILD A DIKE PUMP WATER OUT INSTALL WINDMILL HAUL DIRT IN PLANT, BUILD, ETC

32. POLDER GEMAAL – MODERN PUMP WINDMILLS – NOT USED MUCH ANY MORE