1. Tissue Engineering Lecture 4 Paper Review Langer and Vacanti, Science, 1993

2. An Introduction to Tissue Engineering The term ‘tissue engineering’ coined in 1987 at a workshop sponsored by the NSF. “Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function.” 3 options: 1) Isolated cells or cell substitutes. 2) Tissue-inducing substances. 3) Cells placed within matrices.

3. Robert Langer and Joseph Vacanti Over 1000 articles Over 1000 patents Chemical Engineer who studied with the “father of angiogenesis” as a post-doc Surgeon at MGH Has worked on 27 tissues/organs

4. Table 1: Hui Yeung

5. Disease Incidence per year (Most recent record)Source & Note Skin, Burn450000American Burn Association Skin, Pressure Sores2500000 National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institute of Health (NIH) Skin, Venous Stasis Ulcer500000 – 2000000NLM, NIH Skin, Diabetic Ulcer230000 – 930000NLM, NIH Neuromuscular disease1500000NLM, NIH Spinal Cord & Nerve96000NLM, NIH Bone, Joint Replacement>1000000Arthritis Foundation Bone, Bone Graft~1000000Orthobulets, 13% annual growth Bone, Internal FixationN/A Bone, Facial Reconstruction80000 NLM, NIH, including child birth defect and traumatic injury Cartilage, Patellar Resurfacing>600000American Academy of Orthopadeic Surgeons Cartilage,Chondromalacia patellaeN/A Cartilage, Meniscal repair850000University of Washington Cartilage, Arthritis 52M patience as of 2014Center of Disease Control Cartilage, Osteochondritis dissecans48000Clinical Journal of Sports Medicine Table 1: Hiu Yeung

6. Tendon repair64000 Including flexor and extensor tendon (hand), rotator cuff tendon and Achilles tendon Ligament repair200000 American Academy of Orthopadeic Surgeons, including ACL Blood vessels, Heart500000Texasheart.org, Coronary Bypass Blood vessels, Large and small vesselsN/A Liver, Metabolic disorders24000NLM, NIH Liver cirrhosis70000NLM, NIH Liver cancer33000NLM, NIH Pancreas (diabetes)1700000American Diabetes Association Intestine135000Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, NLM, NIH Kidney123175 National Kidney Association, on how many people needs transplant Bladder571518National Cancer Institute, number of bladder cancer Ureter3300000US news, on kidney stone instance per year Urethra4300000Urology Care Foundation, urethara cancer Hernia1000000Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons Breast307000Number of breast implants done per year... Blood transfusions4500000American Red Cross Dental500000 American Academy of Implant Dentistry, Number of implants done Disease Incidence per year (Most recent record) Source & Note

7. Figure 1: Akarawin Hongdusit

8. Figure 2: Michael Grunwald

9. Nervous System Most work in peripheral nerve guidance (some ability to regenerate, or reconnect)

10. Cornea This is where Robert Langer started his biology work – growing blood vessels in eyes.

11. Skin Cell only Cell + Material (PGA mesh)

12. Figure 3: Cody Siroka

13. Conclusions, Perspectives Cell sourcing was highlighted throughout the article. How do we grow these up in large quantities? Materials: Natural or synthetic? Be mindful of batch-to-batch variability.