1. SHArK Outreach ⊂ Powering the Planet (NSF CCI Solar Program) Ella Wong 2009 Summer Solar Class Professor Wamser, PSU

2. SHArK (Solar Hydrogen Activity Research Kit)- Mission/Goals “Dedicated to splitting water with sunlight” To discover stable metal oxide semiconductors that can efficiently photoelectrolyze water and that is economically viable To engage and encourage young people to take an active role in solving the global energy problem To provide students the opportunity to participate in real time, active scientific research Outreach effort from Bruce Parkinson’s group (University of Wyoming) SHArK is part of the NSF-funded Powering the Planet Project http://www.thesharkproject.org/

4. NSF CCI (Center for Chemical Innovation) Solar Program- Powering the Planet http://www.ccisolar.caltech.edu/ Goal to develop efficient, inexpensive, sustainable way(s) to convert solar energy into stored chemical fuel(s) Ideally to split water with sunlight using cheap, safe, chemically stable, easily- obtained earth-abundant materials yielding hydrogen as chemical fuel 3 component water splitting model

5. membrane-supported assembly that captures sunlight and efficiently creates separated electrons and holes having sufficient chemical potential to drive the water-splitting reactions two-electron catalyst to facilitate reduction of water to H 2 at the photocathode four-electron catalyst for water oxidation to O 2 at the photoanode http://www.ccisolar.caltech.edu/webpage/95

6. Harry Gray, Watson Lecture, 2/18/2009

8. Carolyn Valdez, Jillian Dempsey

9. Harry Gray, Watson Lecture, 2/18/2009

10. Tutorial Review Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 109 - 114, DOI: 10.1039/b802885k Cobalt–phosphate oxygen-evolving compound Matthew W. Kanan, Yogesh Surendranath and Daniel G. Nocera The utilization of solar energy on a large scale requires efficient storage. Solar- to-fuels has the capacity to meet large scale storage needs as demonstrated by natural photosynthesis. This process uses sunlight to rearrange the bonds of water to furnish O2 and an H2-equivalent. We present a tutorial review of our efforts to develop an amorphous cobalt–phosphate catalyst that oxidizes water to O2. The use of earth-abundant materials, operation in water at neutral pH, and the formation of the catalyst in situ captures functional elements of the oxygen evolving complex of Photosystem II. http://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21155/page1/ http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/oxygen-0731.html MIT group’s progress on catalyst for oxygen-evolving side runs on electricity from outlet still needs development work on photoanode material

11. Harry Gray, Watson Lecture, 2/18/2009

12. http://pr.caltech.edu/periodicals/caltechnews/articles/v42/sun.html

13. SHArK Outreach http://www.thesharkproject.org/ Harry Gray’s Powering the Planet with Solar Fuels Lecture at Caltech’s Beckman Auditorium on 2/18/2009- features SHArK demonstration and a call for a “solar army” of students to work on the challenges. http://today.caltech.edu/theater/item?story%5fid=33982 Lectures by Nate Lewis- http://today.caltech.edu/theater/item?story_id=8424 http://today.caltech.edu/theater/item?story_id=8424 (5/25/05) http://nrg.caltech.edu/index.htmlhttp://nrg.caltech.edu/index.html (11/30/2007)

14. Harry Gray, Watson Lecture, 2/18/2009

15. Powering the Planet Project Solar Carpet Video Clip With Nate Lewis http://www.thirteen.org/curious/survival/creating-an-artificial-leaf/17/ http://www.ccisolar.caltech.edu/webpage/95 Solar Water Splitting Model

16. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2008/oxygen-0731.html Daniel Nocera and Matthew Kanan, MIT

17. SHArK Specifics

18. A SHArK Project Kit * LEGO Mindstorms® Kits * Extra LEGOs® Parts * Commercial Inkjet Printer * Pipettes * Commercial Green Laser Pointer * Data Acquisition Box * Conductive Glass Substrates * Etched Glass Electrochemical Cell * Alligator clips, Copper wire, and Graphite (counter- electrode) * Laser Safety Goggles * Software installed from website http://www.thesharkproject.org/

19. Printing and Scanning Basics An inkjet printer is used to print a mixture of aqueous metal nitrate solutions onto a conductive glass substrate to produce ternary metal oxides. The printed substrate is baked in an oven to decompose the nitrates salts to metal oxides. Printer template designed to print two internal standards (Fe and Cu) with 3 or 4 other metals in a combinatorial pattern that allows for many different combinations and compositions of the metal oxides to be produced and screened at a time.

20. Printing and Scanning Basics Fe 2 O 3 is n-type standard (photoanode, O 2 production) “lights up” with positive bias CuO is p-type standard (photocathode, H 2 production) “lights up” with negative bias Printed metal oxide arrays are scanned for solar water splitting potential using the Lego Laser Scanning Station Material with photocurrent response at least 2 times higher than either of the standards is considered promising. SHArK Manual Version 2.0 and SHArK Brochure

21. Some material specifics Glass substrate- fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coating Metal precursors-.35 M metal nitrate salt with.6 M ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) and.015 M nitric acid (HNO 3 ) 500 °C overnight to convert to metal oxide HP D5460 ink jet printer Lego Mindstorms-based laser scanner ( = 532 nm, green) SHArK Manual Version 2.0

22. Metal oxides- Potential role in photoelectrode Structural (Ti, W, Zr, Ta, Si, Mo, Nb, Hf, In, Sn, Ga, Y, Sc) Light absorbing (Fe, Cr, V, Co, Mn, Ni, Cu, and some rare earths such as Ce) Catalytic (Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ir, Os, Re, Ni) Ionic charge compensators (Ca, Sr, Ba, Mg, Zn, Cd, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) Avoid toxic metals (Pb, Tl, Cd, Hg) Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, p. 4320

23. CD/DVD Tray Cutout- holds substrate for printing http://www.thesharkproject.org/node/506

24. Printing Template for HP D5460 Black- Fe n-type standard positive bias Magenta- Cu p-type standard negative bias Cyan Yellow Template provided by Jennifer Schuttlefield

26. Sample Scans

27. From SHArK brochure Cu-Cs-Fe-La

28. Al-Co-Cs-Fe System: Template and Zero Bias Scan Chem Mater. 2008, 20, p. 2497

29. Submitted by Cheung Grinnell on Tue, 07/07/2009 - 14:12 Metals: Co, Fe, Y, Zn Electrolyte pH: Basic Comments: electrolyte: Na2SO4 see follow-up scan titled "FeYZn comparision test" Positive Bias Negative Bias

30. Submitted by Cheung Grinnell on Tue, 07/07/2009 - 13:53 Metals: Fe, Y, Zn Electrolyte pH: Basic Comments: electrolyte: Na2SO4 This slide was made to further examine the hotspot seen on the CoFeYZn scan to see which combination was most effective. Since the hotspot was found in the pos scan, only a pos scan was run. Positive Bias

31. Negative Bias Submitted by Cheung Grinnell on Wed, 06/17/2009 - 09:45 Metals: Co, Cu, Fe, Zn Electrolyte pH: Basic

32. Summary SHArK engages students and provides a great opportunity to learn chemistry while participating in relevant research to help solve the global energy and climate change problems. SHArK in conjunction with Powering the Planet joins students with researchers and scientists of many disciplines all over the world as we strive together to meet the Terawatt Challenge. Special thanks to Bruce Parkinson and Jennifer Schuttlefield (University of Wyoming) for developing SHArK and reaching out. And thanks to Professor Carl Wamser for bringing SHArK to PSU.