1. Biology 364 – Animal Physiology
Instructor: Manuela Gardner
Textbook: Principles of Animal Physiology
Course website (Manuela Gardner):

2. Contact info
Manuela Gardner
Office: Room 1370, Biological Sciences Bldg.
Office Hours: Fridays

3. Biology 364 – Animal Physiology
Respiratory System – uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide Circulatory System –primary internal transport for substances (eg oxygen & nutrients) and other functions Ion and water regulation – deals with ion and water balance, and nitrogen excretion

4. Grading and assessment
Marking Scheme
Problem sets: 30%
1 per section (3 total)
These will be representative of questions given on the final exam.
Final: Open book/notes - 70%

5. Animal Physiology - definition
“The study of how animals work” – Knut Schmidt-Nielsen
Structure and function of various parts
- How these parts work together

6. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
Physiological processes are usually regulated
Homeostasis – maintenance of internal constancy
Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment
Genotype – genetic makeup
Phenotype – expression of genotype in morphology, physiology, and behavior
Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one phenotypic outcome depending on environmental conditions
Genotype is the product of evolution

7. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
Physiological processes obey physical and chemical laws
Physical properties of a material are linked to function (e.g., bone)
Chemical laws govern molecular interactions (e.g., effects of temperature)
Electrical laws describe membrane function, including excitable cells
Body size influences biochemical and physical patterns – allometric scaling

8. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
Physiological processes are usually regulated
Homeostasis – maintenance of internal constancy
How do animals deal with
variations in their environment?

9. Physiological Regulation
Conformers
(a) Allow internal conditions to change when faced with variations in external conditions
(b) Internal environment adjusts to reflect external conditions

10. Physiological Regulation
Moyes and Schulte; Figure 1.4

11. Physiological Regulation
Regulators
(a) Maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions in the external environment
(b) Keep internal environment within narrow limits

12. Physiological Regulation - Homeostasis
Maintenance of internal conditions in the face of environmental perturbations
Controlled by feedback loops or reflex control pathways
Negative feedback loops
Positive feedback loops
Figure 1.5

13. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
Phenotype is a product of genotype and its interaction with the environment
Genotype – genetic makeup
Phenotype – morphology, physiology, and behavior
Phenotypic plasticity – single genotype generates more than one phenotype depending on environmental conditions

14. Phenotypic Plasticity
Can be irreversible or reversible
Irreversible
Polyphenism - developmental plasticity
Reversible
Acclimation - lab
Acclimatization – natural environment

15. Unifying Themes in Physiology (Table 1.1)
Genotype is the product of evolution
Adaptation
Change in a population over evolutionary time (i.e. many generations)
Trait that confers an increase in reproductive success via natural selection

16. Physiology and evolution
Physiologists attempt to understand and account for diversity of animal body form and strategies that animals use to cope with their environments
Two types of questions
Proximate cause – How?
Ultimate cause – Why?

17. Biology 364 – Animal Physiology
Respiratory System – uptake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide Circulatory System –primary internal transport for substances (eg oxygen & nutrients) and other functions Ion and water regulation – deals with ion and water balance, and nitrogen excretion