1. More Means Better: 50 Years of Higher Education Roderick Floud Provost, Gresham College 1

2. My career Taught at University College London, Cambridge, Birkbeck College London and held Visiting Chair at Stanford. Head of University for 18 years Member, Economic and Social Research Council, 1993-1997 Founder Convenor, London Higher Education Consortium, 1999- 2001 President of Universities UK, 2001-2003 Vice-President of European University Association, 2005-2007 Chair of Social Sciences Committee of European Science Foundation, 2007-2014 Member of British Academy, AcSS and Academia Europaea and holder of seven honorary degrees and fellowships Published 50 books and articles on economic history 2

3. 1964-2014 and 2014-2064 The Robbins Report and “More will mean worse” (Kingsley Amis). What has happened since 1964. British higher education in 2014 and what needs to happen now. 3

4. 1964-2014 More of everything: - – More students in more universities – More women – More part-time students – More research – More European teaching and research – The world More has meant better 4

5. Emerging from recession: Guardian 2/5/14 5

6. More students “Throughout our Report we have assumed as an axiom that courses of higher education should be available for all those who are qualified by ability and attainment to pursue them and who wish to do so.” Robbins Report 1963 6

7. Students in tertiary education, Great Britain, 1900 - 2011 Source: 1900-1962 Robbins Report; 1999-2011 UNESCO 7

8. Participation in HE (% of age-group) YearParticipation rate 18701 19021 19382 19543 19624 200428 201334 8

9. More women The % of graduates who are women CountryBachelor’s degreeDoctoral degree Iceland69%44 Portugal60%62% OECD average59%46% UK57%45% USA57%53% China47%44% Japan44%28% 9 Source: OECD, data for 2010

10. The “little woman” wins a Nobel prize in 1964 10

11. Male and female participation rates: England Source: HEFCE 2013, ‘Trends in young participation in higher education’ 11

12. More part-time students Source: Eurostudent 2006 12

13. Fall in participation of part-time students Source: Derived from HEFCE 2013, ‘Trends in young participation in higher education’ 13

14. More research 14

15. Strength of the UK research base 15

16. More Europe The European Higher Education and Research Areas: – The Bologna Process – EU framework programmes, Horizon 2020 and the European Research Council – The European Science Foundation/Science Europe 16

17. The world 17

18. The UK is extraordinarily attractive to international students Source: OECD 2013, ‘Education at a Glance’ 18

19. Dependence on overseas – ie not UK or EU -students 20-30% overseas students (28) – Aston, Brunel, Cardiff Metropolitan, Courtauld Institute, Heriot- Watt, Queen Mary, RAM, RCA, RCM, Royal Holloway, City, Bath, Cambridge, East Anglia, Edinburgh, Essex, Exeter, Lancaster, Leicester, Liverpool, Manchester, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Sunderland, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, 30-40% overseas students (6) – Glyndwr, Imperial, SOAS, Buckingham, UCL, Univ. of Arts 40-50% overseas students (3) – LSE, School of Hygiene, St. Andrews > 50% overseas students (1) – LBS 19

20. More has meant better “This expansion has not been accompanied by any lowering of standards but rather the reverse.” Robbins Report 1963 20

21. 2014 - 2064 Expansion will continue Mess, muddle or omnishambles What needs to be done: - – Too many universities, doing too many things – Specialisation and the reduction of duplication – Proper funding of research – Fund, not fund raise 21

22. Young entry rates to higher education Source: OECD 2013, ‘Education at a Glance’ 22

23. Expansion will continue Source: HEPI 2013, ‘The impact on demand of the Government’s reforms of higher education’ 18-yr old Participation rate 23

24. Mess, muddle or omnishambles “it is difficult to defend the continued absence of co-ordinating principles and of a general conception of objectives.” … “the needs of the present and still more of the future demand that there should be a system.” Robbins Report 1963 24

25. Too many universities, doing too many things 25

26. Universities as hoteliers 26 Major Banks - Branches of Santander & Barclays Restaurants – le Gusta oven & bar, the Dirty Duck, Xananas - to name a few Bars – the terrace bar, Arts Centre café bar Coffee shops – Curiositea, Costa Coffee Shops – the Bookshop, Costcutter, Student Union Market Post Office – located within Costcutter Hairdressers - Thompson & Murray Hair and Beauty Pharmacy

27. Universities as bus companies 27

28. Specialisation and the reduction of duplication 28

29. Research funding in the UK The state through “dual support”: – The Higher Education Funding Councils – The Research Councils Charities – e.g. Wellcome, Nuffield, Rowntree, Leverhulme, Cancer Research UK, etc. Europe Private industry 29

30. Proper funding of research? UniversityChange in share of research funds, 1995- 2014 (Percentage points) UCL+ 3.2 Imperial+ 2.8 Oxford+ 1.7 KCL+ 1.0 Bristol, Cambridge, Durham, Reading, Southampton, York + 0.1 to + 0.9 Birmingham, Lancaster, Leeds, Leicester, Liverpool, LSE, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Sheffield, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick - 0.1 to -0.9 Overall change+ 6.0 30

31. Fund, not fund-raise 31

32. Higher education on the cheap Public investment in HE as percentage of GDP Private investment in HE as percentage of GDP Source: OECD 2013, ‘Education at a Glance’ 32

33. Conclusion A great British success story – 2.8% of British GDP and export earnings of £10.7 billion p.a. But also a mess and a muddle We need to take a fresh look – a new Robbins report Meanwhile: – Fewer universities – Specialise – Reform research funding – Forget fund-raising and Fund British higher education properly 33